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CHAPTER 2 2.1 Abstract Red light treatment is emerging as a novel therapy for tissue recovery but data on red light penetration through human body tissues are lacking. The aims were to: i) determine the effects of light intensity, tissue thickness, skin tone and bone/muscle content on 670 nm light penetration through common sites of sports injury and; ii) establish if cadaveric tissues are good models for the study of red light penetration. Live and cadaver human subjects were exposed to various intensities of 670 nm light at locations across the skull and upper and lower limbs. Red light penetration measurements were acquired by a light probe through body site surfaces opposing an active light emitting diode (LED) array (intensity range: 15-500 mW/cm2). Penetration was examined at different sites with respect to skin tone, tissue thickness and light intensity. At an intensity of 100 mW/cm2, 670 nm light can successfully penetrate sites of the upper and lower limbs in live tissues of up to 50 mm below the skin surface. Red light penetration is unaffected by skin tone, improved with increased light intensity and increased relative bone to muscle composition, but decreased with overall tissue thickness. The relationship between tissue thickness and red light penetration in live subjects was described mathematically. Penetration through live and cadaveric tissue did not differ statistically. Red light can readily penetrate parts of the upper limbs, distal lower limbs and the skull at clinically relevant intensities. Cadaveric tissues can serve as a good reference for penetration in live participants under certain conditions, and may aid future studies examining penetration in regions otherwise inaccessible in live subjects. The results from this study will assist clinicians and researchers decide on appropriate red light treatment intensities for sports injuries. 2.2 Introduction While important for overall wellbeing, sport often results in injuries that contribute to an increased burden on the health care system. In the United States almost half a million young school-aged athletes suffered severe injuries during sport, with approximately two-thirds suffering fractures and/or ligament sprains (Darrow et al., 2009). The most common sites of injury are the knee/lower limb and the upper limb (Baquie and Brukner, 1997; Darrow et al., 2009; Westermann et al., 2016). Therapies that can effectively treat muscle, bone, tendon, ligament and/or nervous system injuries, including managing inflammation and pain, would be beneficial to athletes at all levels of competition. The biological effects of low power laser was first reported in 1968 (Mester et al., 1968) and the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) for therapeutic applications of photobiomodulation (PBM) subsequently popularised following the serendipitous finding of improved wound healing by astronauts using LEDs for plant growth experiments in space (Eells et al., 2004; Whelan et al., 2003; Whelan et al., 2001). Since these initial observations, various studies have emerged investigating the effect of PBM on injury, including pain modulation and wound healing in a vast variety of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Of interest to sports medicine are observations of 37PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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