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CHAPTER 2 improved collagen deposition in skeletal muscle (de Melo et al., 2016), reduced oedema (Stergioulas, 2004) and inflammatory infiltrates into tissues (de Melo et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2016), the reduction of pain (Bertolini et al., 2011; Hu et al., 2016), improved bone density (Deniz et al., 2015; Ekizer et al., 2013), and the acceleration of recovery from tendinopathy (Stergioulas et al., 2008), sprains (Stergioulas, 2004), and peripheral nerve damage (Ishiguro et al., 2010; Rochkind et al., 2009). Many studies have investigated wavelengths near the 670 nm or 830 nm range, which fall within the 650-1200 nm “optical window” for penetrating the skin and underlying tissues (Chung et al., 2012; Hamblin et al., 2006; Huang et al., 2009) and which are also centred around the putative range that promotes biological effects (Whelan et al., 2008). One study that compared a variety of in vivo nervous tissue injuries found 670 nm to be overall more effective compared to 830 nm (Giacci et al., 2014), however recovery outcomes appear to be highly contingent on the combination of irradiation and injury severity (Giacci et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2016). Furthermore, it has been proposed that increasing dosage is necessary for increasing injury severity, but that overdose may be harmful (Chu-Tan et al., 2016). Thus, while red light treatment may offer potential benefits for attending sports related injuries such as reducing recovery time (Stergioulas, 2004) and pain (Bertolini et al., 2011; Hu et al., 2016), in order to optimise treatment outcomes it is necessary to determine the penetration parameters for delivery of an appropriate dose, as well as identifying body regions that are accessible to light treatment. To optimise treatment, the delivery of light to target tissues must be known, which is affected by the duration and interval of light exposure, and the intensity of light. However, while all these parameters are easy to control from the light source itself, the quantity of photons that reach the tissue of interest is currently difficult to establish, and there are currently no clear guidelines that provide information about the penetration of light into different body parts. Once light hits biological tissues, scattering of photons and absorbance by photoacceptors by different tissue layers attenuate the light. The main aim therefore, is to examine the effects of light intensity, skin tone and bone/muscle content on red light penetration at common sites of sport injuries, and thereby provide a basic guideline for establishing the likelihood of red light penetration for different body parts. Establishing parameters that ensure red light is deliverable to a structure of interest is essential to facilitate decisions about red light treatment dosage for treatment and future research. The other aim was to determine whether embalmed cadaveric tissue serves is an adequate model for predicting penetration in live human participants, which would be valuable for future studies on regions that are not otherwise accessible in live subjects. 38PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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