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CHAPTER 3 on the contralateral side between groups (1-dpi: 2 ± 2 cells/mm2; 3-dpi 6.2 ± 2.1 cells/mm2; 7-dpi 5.0 ± 3.9 cells/mm2). Figure 3.5 Cell death is reduced by red light following T10 hemicontusion spinal cord injury. Quantification of cells undergoing cell death (TUNEL+) contralateral (a) and ipsilateral (b) to the injury. Example images are from SCI (c) and SCI+670 (d) dorsal horn ipsilateral to the injury at 3 days post-injury. Schematic cross section of spinal cord (bottom) indicates location of injury (dark grey penumbra) and region of quantification (light grey region). Scale bars: 50 μm. * p < 0.05 (Student’s t-test); ** p < 0.01 (linear mixed model). 3.4.7 Red light reduces total activated microglia/macrophages but promotes the expression of the anti-inflammatory/wound healing (M2) subtype. Inflammation has long being implicated in the development of neuropathic pain (Schomberg et al., 2012). Activated microglia/macrophages (ED1+ cells) were therefore quantified at 1, 3 and 7 days post-injury in dorsal regions of T10 spinal cord (Figure 3.6a-d, n = 5 for each time point). T10 spinal contusion resulted in an increase in ED1+ cell density as early as day 1 post-injury, reaching maximum levels by day 3 in the ipsilateral side. Maximum levels were also reached at day 3 on the contralateral side but there were negligible ED1+ cells at days 1 and 7. Light treatment significantly reduced ED1 expression ipsilateral to the injury to approximately half that of the SCI group. Despite the low levels of ED1+ cells in the contralateral side, red light treatment also resulted in a significant reduction of ED1+ cells at the 3-day time point. 69PDF Image | Effects of Red Light Treatment on Spinal Cord Injury
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