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2 LITTERATURE REVIEW 2.3.2.5 Cortisol (stress) Cortisol is known as the stress hormone. This hormone influences the met- abolic system, and is circadian regulated by the hypothalamus. This means that the concentrations are high during the day and low during night. Corti- sol can be acutely released when the body is under great stress, e.g. anxiety attacks, loss of sleep and exposure to bright light. The stress-hormone Cor- tisol is released opposite to Melatonin. (Jung et al., 2010) 2.3.2.6 Leptin (satiety) Leptin is known as the satiety hormone or starvation hormone and is produced by the fat-cells in the body. Main function is regulating appetite and signalling the hypothalamus when the body is starving or had enough, making it the main regulator of energy and calories. Friederich R. et al, sug- gest that the Leptin levels in AN are significantly high compared to normal test-persons, contributing to a constantly inappropriate message of being full. In BN, leptin levels are significantly higher explaining the need to binge and purge. (Frederich et al., 2002) Leptin levels are connected to Cortisol and Insulin and will in healthy humans change over the course of the circadi- an rhythm (Radić et al., 2003). 2.4 Suprachiasmatic Nucleus In investigating the healing effects of light, first and foremost it is important to understand how the mammalian body is affected by natural and artificial light. When light reaches the eye, the photosensitive cell layer in the retina is ac- tivating the photo pigment called Melanopsin [section 2.3.2.2]. This is known as the Ganglion layer. The Ganglion cells in the eye are highly photosensitive and react to light but contribute only little to the human sight. They have long fibres that are connected to the optic nerve and the input reaches as far as to the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is a tiny area within the hypothalamus, consisting of neurons that control the CR. SCN is known as the central body clock in mammals and transmits the in- formation from the ganglion cells to the Pineal gland, which is located in an- other section of the brain, called the Epithalamus. When the Ganglion cells detect darkness, they report this to the pineal gland and it starts producing the hormone Melatonin to make the human body drowsy, resulting in feeling an urge to rest or sleep. CR indicates that mammals have an autonomous pattern of sleep/wake or activity/rest. This pattern relates more or less to the rotation of earth and is ~24.18 among healthy adults, as the circadian pace- maker has an internal period ranging in 23.5-24.7 hours. (Czeisler et al., 1999) To maintain an appropriate CR, this needs to be reset accordingly. Light is the most powerful Zeitgeber, and findings suggest that it requires daily oc- ular exposure to the natural 24-hour light cycle, to reset this pacemaker to 24-hours. (Pechacek, 2008) Master thesis · MSc Lighting Design · Pernille Bech-Larsen · Fall 2017 22PDF Image | Healing with light
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