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40 20 0 Plants 2020, 9, 1344 Plants 2020, x, x FOR PEER REVIEW Figure 4. traits of A red: warm For the p enhanced bu caused a red enhancement blue, and BR 2.2. Effects of Our res accumulation in A. roxburghii. The red wavelength caused a decrease in the total flavonoid contents FL Red Blue BR BRW151 BRW142 6 of 15 6 of 15 hological 151: blue: were slightly and red light xerted slight found in red, Total average of influence of different lighting treatments on the growth and morp 120 110.93 107.27 . roxbughii at the acclimatization stage. FL: fluorescent lamp; BR: blue–red; BRW 100 white1L0E0D ratio 1:5:1; BRW911.7422: blue 80 60 d: warm rved th e contr hite LE BR, BR (FL), w atio 1:4: 151, an e the b lant fresh and d weigh was o t not significan o comp e with RW142 e light 102.92 102.25 : re bse th ur si th mu uction in the esh w ht (Fig e 5a). milarly R and R142 e of the plant d W151 treatmen weight s comp l Flavon hereas ed with ds Accu gnifica e cont lation dry we t redu on was (FL). 20 LED Ligh0ts on T 40 FL Red Blue BR BRW151 BRW142 ults showed that not only wavelength type, but the ratio also influenc w at ol Si nt rol Dr W hil ,B igh 2. dB lu B cti ry tt fr ry ts a ota t, it ar eig ,w ar oi Figure 4. Total average of influence of different lighting treatments on the growth and morphological Figure 4. Total average of influence of different lighting treatments on the growth and morphological by 1.25 mg/g, compared to the control (1.56 mg/g) (Figure 5c). Meanwhile, the blue wavelength was traits of A. roxbughii at the acclimatization stage. FL: fluorescent lamp; BR: blue–red; BRW151: blue: traits of A. roxbughii at the acclimatization stage. FL: fluorescent lamp; BR: blue–red; BRW151: blue: caused by a slightly negative influence on flavonoid biosynthesis in this plant. However, the red: warm white LED ratio 1:5:1; BRW142: blue: red: warm white LED ratio 1:4:2. red: warm white LED ratio 1:5:1; BRW142: blue: red: warm white LED ratio 1:4:2. combination of blue and red light in BR significantly provoked the percentage of total flavonoid in A. roxburghii plants, about 1.81 mg/g compared to 1.56, 1.25, and 1.44 mg/g in the FL, red, and blue For the plant fresh and dry weight, it was observed that BR, BRW151, and BRW142 were slightly LEDs, respectively (Figure 5c). On the other hand, the BRW142 induced the lowest total flavonoid enhancedbbuuttnnoot tsisginginfiicfaicnatnttotcomcopmarpeawreitwh itthe tchoentcronl (tFroLl),(wFLh)i,lewtheilebltuheelibglhutealnigdhrtedanlidghrtecdaulisgehdt contents (1.06 mg/g) compared to the control, followed by BRW151 (1.14 mg/g), red light (1.24 mg/g), acaruesdeudctiaonreinduthcteiofrnesihnwtheieghftre(sFhiguwreig5ah)t. S(Fimigiularerly5,aB)R. SainmdilBaRrl1y4,2BeRxeratned sBliRgh14t2enehxaenrctedmesnlitgohft and blue light (1.43 mg/g), while BR strikingly exerted the highest flavonoid contents by 1.81 mg/g. tehnehpanlacnetmdernytwoefitghhet,pwlahnetredarsyswigenigifihcta,nwthderryeawsesigighntirfiecdauncttdiornywaesigfohutnreddiuncrteiodn,bwluaes,faonudndBRinWr1e5d1, Overall, among all LEDs treatments, BR light has significantly enhanced the flavonoid contents than 2.2. Effects of LED Lights on Total Flavonoids Accumulation Our results showed that not only wavelength type, but the ratio also influenced flavonoid accumulation in A. roxburghii. The red wavelength caused a decrease in the total flavonoid contents by 1.25 mg/g, compared to the control (1.56 mg/g) (Figure 5c). Meanwhile, the blue wavelength was caused by a slightly negative influence on flavonoid biosynthesis in this plant. However, the combination of blue and red light in BR significantly provoked the percentage of total flavonoid in A. roxburghii plants, about 1.81 mg/g compared to 1.56, 1.25, and 1.44 mg/g in the FL, red, and blue LEDs, respectively (Figure 5c). On the other hand, the BRW142 induced the lowest total flavonoid contents (1.06 mg/g) compared to the control, followed by BRW151 (1.14 mg/g), red light (1.24 mg/g), and blue light (1.43 mg/g), while BR strikingly exerted the highest flavonoid contents by 1.81 mg/g. Overall, among all LEDs treatments, BR light has significantly enhanced the flavonoid contents than other light treatments. Figure 5. Effect of light conditions on A. roxburghii. Fresh weight (a); dry weight (b), and (c) total Figure 5. Effect of light conditions on A. roxburghii. Fresh weight (a); dry weight (b), and (c) total tbrleuaetm, aenndtsBaRsWco1m51ptarreadtmweinthtsthaes comntproalre(FdLw).ith the control (FL). other light treatments. ed flavonoid flavonoid accumulation. Error bars indicate standard deviations of three independent experiments. flavonoid accumulation. Error bars indicate standard deviations of three independent experiments. Different letters on bar graphs indicate the significant differences between treatment conditions by Different letters on bar graphs indicate the significant differences between treatment conditions by using Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05. using Duncan’s multiple range test at p < 0.05. 2.2. Effects of LED Lights on Total Flavonoids Accumulation Our results showed that not only wavelength type, but the ratio also influenced flavonoid accumulation in A. roxburghii. The red wavelength caused a decrease in the total flavonoid contents by 1.25 mg/g, compared to the control (1.56 mg/g) (Figure 5c). Meanwhile, the blue wavelength was caused by a slightly negative influence on flavonoid biosynthesis in this plant. However, the combination of blue and red light in BR significantly provoked the percentage of total flavonoid in A. roxburghii plants, about 1.81 mg/g compared to 1.56, 1.25, and 1.44 mg/g in the FL, red, and blue LEDs, respectively (Figure 5c). On the other hand, the BRW142 induced the lowest total Figure 5. Effect of light conditions on A. roxburghii. Fresh weight (a); dry weight (b), and (c) total flavonoid contents (1.06 mg/g) compared to the control, followed by BRW151 (1.14 mg/g), red light flavonoid accumulation. Error bars indicate standard deviations of three independent experiments. (1.24 mg/g), and blue light (1.43 mg/g), while BR strikingly exerted the highest flavonoid contents by Different letters on bar graphs indicate the significant differences between treatment conditions by using Duncan’s multiple range test at P < 0.05. Total average influence (%) Total averagPDF Image | LED Lights Promote Growth and Flavonoid Accumulation of Anoectochilus roxburghii
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