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LIST OF FIGURES Figure I-1. Spectral distributions of several lamps and light-emitting diodes (LEDs) between 400 and 800 nm from measurements made at Michigan State University. ......................................... 19 Figure I-2. Summary of the efficacy of 4-h night-interruption lighting treatments that promoted flowering of long-day plants and inhibited flowering of short-day plants (adapted from Craig, 2012). Light-emitting diodes (solid symbols) or incandescent lamps (open symbols) emitted different ratios of red (R; 600 to 700 nm) and far-red (FR; 700 to 800 nm) light. The phytochrome photoequilibria (PFR/PR+FR) values were estimated using the spectral distributions of the treatments and the model described by Sager et al. (1988). A lamp was considered effective for each species if flowering percentage was ≥90% for long-day plants and if time to flower was statistically similar to plants that flowered most rapidly (for long-day plants) or most slowly (for short-day plants)......................................................................................................... 20 Figure II-1. Spectral distribution between 400 nm and 800 nm, lighting characteristics, and estimated phytochrome photoequilibria (PFR/PR+FR; Sager et al., 1988) of incandescent (INC, dashed line) and red+white+far-red light-emitting diode (LED, solid line) lamps used in a coordinated trial. The R:FRnarrow was calculated as 655 to 665 nm:725 to 735 nm. .................... 51 Figure II-2. Days to flower for eight bedding plant crops grown at four commercial greenhouses in a coordinated trial. Plants were grown under short days with 4-h night-interruption lighting from high-pressure sodium (HPS), incandescent (INC), compact fluorescent (CFL), or red+white+far-red light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. Values followed by different letters within species are significantly different by Tukey’s honest significant difference test at P ≤ 0.05; NS, nonsignificant. Error bars indicate standard errors. ‘EWBS’, ‘Easy Wave Burgundy Star’. ‘WPC’, ‘Wave Purple Classic’................................................................................................................... 52 Figure II-3. Flowering percentage of ‘Callie Deep Yellow’ calibrachoa, ‘Wave Purple Classic’ (‘WPC’) petunia, and ‘Liberty Classic Yellow’ snapdragon at the Center for Applied Horticultural Research (CfAHR) and two separate greenhouses (houses 10E and 13B) at Michigan State University (MSU) in a coordinated trial. Plants were grown under a short-day (SD) treatment with or without 4-h night-interruption lighting from incandescent (INC) or red+white+far-red light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. The SD treatment at CfAHR had a natural photoperiod, whereas the photoperiod at MSU was truncated to 9 h. .......................................... 53 Figure II-4. Days to flower of eight bedding plant crops grown at the Center for Applied Horticultural Research (CfAHR) and two separate greenhouses (houses 10E and 13B) at Michigan State University (MSU) in a coordinated trial. Plants were grown under a short-day (SD) treatment with or without a 4-h night interruption from incandescent (INC) or red+white+far-red light-emitting diode (LED) lamps. The SD treatment at CfAHR had a natural photoperiod, whereas the photoperiod at MSU was truncated to 9 h. Values followed by different letters within species are significantly different by Tukey’s honest significant difference test at P ≤ 0.05; NS, nonsignificant. ‘EWBS’, ‘Easy Wave Burgundy Star’. ‘WPC’, ‘Wave Purple Classic’. ....................................................................................................................................................... 54 viiiPDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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