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Figure III-1. Spectral distribution of night-interruption lighting treatments between 400 and 800 nm from incandescent (INC) lamps and white (W), blue (B), B + red (R), B + far red (FR), B+R+FR, and R+FR light-emitting diodes................................................................................... 84 Figure III-2. Days to flower of four short-day and four long-day plants under a truncated 9-h short-day (SD) treatment with or without 4-h night-interruption (NI) lighting from incandescent (INC) lamps or white (W), blue (B), B + red (R), B + far red (FR), B+R+FR, or R+FR light- emitting diodes. All data are pooled from two replications. Values followed by different letters within species are significantly different by Tukey’s honest significant difference test at P ≤ 0.05; NS, non-significant. Error bars indicate standard errors................................................................ 85 Figure III-3. The influence of estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium (PFR/PR+FR) of night- interruption lighting on the flowering promotion index of four long-day plants under a truncated 9-h short-day (SD) treatment with 4-h night-interruption lighting from incandescent lamps or white, blue, red, and/or far-red light-emitting diodes. The PFR/PR+FR values were calculated for each treatment according to Sager et al. (1988). The flowering promotion index was calculated as FP × FTmin × FTt−1, where FP= flowering percentage, FTmin= flowering time (d) of the treatment that induced the most rapid flowering, and FTt= flowering time (d) of treatment (Runkle and Heins, 2003). All data are means from two replications with ten observations per treatment and replication. WPC, ‘Wave Purple Classic’. WPI, ‘Wave Purple Improved’. ................................ 86 Figure IV-1. Diagram of photoperiodic lighting treatments indicating the truncated natural photoperiod (white bars; 0800 to 1700 HR), darkness (black bars), low-intensity red+white+far- red light (diagonal bar fill), and blue light (grid fill). Treatments consist of a truncated 9-h short- day treatment with or without 4-h night-interruption (NI) and/or 5.5-h day-extension (DE) lighting from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Numbers that follow blue (B) light represent their intensities in μmol·m−2·s−1. The asterisk (*) indicates low-intensity lighting provided by red+white+far-red LEDs............................................................................................................. 115 Figure IV-2. Days to flower of five long-day plants and one short-day plant (marigold) grown under a truncated 9-h short-day (SD) treatment with or without 4-h night-interruption (NI) and/or 5.5-h day-extension (DE) lighting from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Numbers that follow blue (B) light represent their intensities in μmol·m−2·s−1. The asterisk (*) indicates low-intensity lighting provided by red+white+far-red LEDs. All data were pooled from two replications. Values followed by different letters within species are significantly different by Tukey’s honest significant difference test at P ≤0.05; NS, nonsignificant. Error bars indicate standard errors (n = 20). No data were collected from plants that did not flower before the experiment ended........ 116 Figure IV-3. Plant height of snapdragon 46 and 42 days after transplant in replication one and two, respectively. Plants were grown under a truncated 9-h short-day (SD) treatment with or without 4-h night-interruption (NI) and/or 5.5-h day-extension (DE) lighting from light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Numbers that follow blue (B) light represent their intensities in μmol·m−2·s−1. The asterisk (*) indicates low-intensity lighting provided by red+white+far-red LEDs. Values followed by different letters within replication are significantly different by Tukey’s honest significant difference test at P ≤0.05. Error bars indicate standard errors (n = 10).................... 117 ixPDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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