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Literature Review: Photoperiodic Lighting with Light-emitting Diodes Introduction Floriculture is the cultivation and management of flowering and ornamental plants. The expanded wholesale value of floriculture crops estimated in 15 U.S. States has been consistently greater than 4 billion U.S. dollars over the past decade (United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2013). Commercial ornamental plants are typically produced in greenhouses, where environmental factors can be controlled to regulate flowering time and obtain desirable plant attributes. Accelerated crop production can reduce greenhouse operating costs in heating, supplemental lighting, irrigation, pest control, growing space, and labor (Cavins and Dole, 2001). Meanwhile, maintaining at least moderate crop quality is required for market acceptance. Although a variety of plant growth regulators are commercially available, manipulation of growth characteristics with non-chemical approaches is of interest to greenhouse growers. Ultimately, sustainable practices and adaptive strategies in the floriculture industry are encouraged as awareness of the ongoing climate change arises. Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of the day or night. Photoperiod plays a critical role in regulation of flowering in a variety of plants (Thomas, 2006). Circadian behavior of plants has been developed to adapt to changing photoperiodic cycles (Thomas, 2006). Plant circadian rhythms can regulate physiological processes including organ movement, germination, stomatal aperature, enzyme activity, photosynthetic activity, intracellular signaling, and flowering, among others (Webb, 2003). Synchronization to constantly changing photoperiod helps assure the occurrence of developmental transitions, such as the onset of flowering, under the most appropriate environmental conditions (Searle and Coupland, 2004). 2PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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