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In many species, photoperiod is sensed by plants as a trigger to flower at an appropriate time for successful pollination and seed development and dispersal (Searle and Coupland, 2004). Furthermore, photoperiod is used by some plants as a developmental cue to control bud dormancy, tuberization, and bud break (Jackson, 2009). The lengths of light and dark periods each day regulate flowering of a broad range of plants, including many economically important agronomic and ornamental crops (Erwin and Warner, 2002; Mattson and Erwin, 2005; Runkle and Heins, 2003). A photoperiodic response is determined primarily by the duration of the dark period, also known as the critical night length or skotoperiod (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Plants are commonly classified into different response groups based on their flowering characteristics in response to photoperiod (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Photoperiod-indifferent (day-neutral) plants form flowers irrespective of photoperiod. Short-day (SD) plants (SDPs) flower most rapidly when uninterrupted dark periods are longer than some species-specific critical night length in each 24-h period, whereas flowering of long-day (LD) plants (LDPs) is most rapid when dark periods are shorter than some species- specific critical duration. Within each category, plants can be subdivided into qualitative (obligate) or quantitative (facultative) groups, meaning that the photoperiod is required for or accelerates flowering, respectively. For example, a quantitative LDP will eventually flower under SDs but will flower earlier under LDs. Critical photoperiod not only varies among species and cultivars, it can also overlap between LDPs and SDPs (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1996). For example, all photoperiodic response classes existed in the Hibiscus spp. studied by Warner and Erwin (2001). The natural photoperiod differs by latitude and for plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a facultative LDP, bolting time was later for ecotypes from northern latitudes than from southern latitudes (Stinchcombe et al., 2004). 3PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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