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(Craig and Runkle, 2012; 2013; Hamamoto et al., 2003). Therefore, a combination of different spectral wavebands (specifically, R and FR light) is essentially required to regulate flowering. Blue light The effects of B light on flowering responses, presumably mediated by cryptochromes and potentially phytochromes, are variable and less understood. Delivering an NI with B light can promote flowering of some LDPs and inhibit flowering of some SDPs, but have no effect on others. A 1-h NI from B light was more effective at promoting flowering of Arabidopsis than an NI from R light under SDs (Goto et al., 1991). In addition, the LDP lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) flowered earlier under a 5-h NI provided by B LEDs at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 5 μmol·m−2·s−1 compared with under ambient SDs (11 to 12.5 h) without an NI (Yamada et al., 2011). Flowering of perilla was also strongly inhibited by a 3-h NI provided by B LEDs at a PPF of 8 to 10 μmol·m−2·s−1 during natural SDs (Hamamoto et al., 2003). Similarly, perilla flowered 13 d later under a 10-h SD with a 10-min NI from B LEDs than under the same SD without an NI (Choi, 2003). In the SDP rice, flowering is regulated by the Heading date 1 (Hd1) and Heading date 3a (Hd3a) genes (Yano et al., 2000; Kojima et al., 2002). Under SDs, Hd3a expression is activated by Hd1 to induce flowering, whereas under LDs, Hd3a expression is repressed by Hd1, and flowering is inhibited (Yano et al., 2000; Kojima et al., 2002). An NI with B or R light downregulated Hd3a expression through phytochrome B to delay flowering of rice, while an NI with FR light did not (Ishikawa et al., 2009). However, B light in photoperiodic lighting did not control flowering of some other crops. A 4-h NI provided by B LEDs at a PPF of 3.3 μmol·m−2·s−1 was not perceived as an LD by the LDPs petunia ‘Wave Purple Classic’, rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta), and tickseed (Coreopsis verticillata) (Craig, 2012). Similarly, a 4-h NI provided by B LEDs at a PPF of 0.8 or 3.3 μmol·m−2·s−1 was not perceived as an LD by 11PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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