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chrysanthemum (Ho et al., 2012). Even at a greater PPF of 70 μmol·m−2·s−1, a 4-h DE provided by B LEDs did not inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum (Jeong et al., 2012). Flowering responses can depend on the quantity of light at various wavelengths for photoperiodic lighting. A high intensity may be required for an effective NI from B light, whereas a low intensity is sufficient for R light to elicit and even saturate the same response. For example, to inhibit flowering of the SDP duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) grown under a 8-h SD using a 10-min NI from B (peak wavelength = 450 nm), G (peak wavelength = 550 nm), R (peak wavelength = 650 nm), and FR (peak wavelength = 750 nm) light, the fluence rate required for a 50% inhibitory effect was 10, 0.5, 0.1, and 3 μmol·m−2·s−1, respectively (Saji et al., 1982). The spectral composition of the main photoperiod can influence the effectiveness of an NI from B light. For example, flowering of chrysanthemum was inhibited by an NI provided by B or FR LEDs when the main photoperiod was comprised of B light, but was not when the main photoperiod was comprised of white light or a combination of B and R light (Higuchi et al., 2012b). Delivering B light as a DE or NI may lead to different flowering responses in some species. For example, B LEDs delayed flowering of the SDP okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) when delivered as a DE but did not when delivered as an NI (Hamamoto and Yamazaki, 2009). Mixing B and R light in NI lighting can accelerate flowering of some LDPs. Although a 4-h NI provided by B, R, or FR LEDs at a PPF of 4 μmol·m−2·s−1 promoted flowering of the LDP cyclamen compared with the 9-h SD, an NI provided by a mixture of B and R LEDs was most effective (Shin et al., 2010). In at least some SDP, the R to B light ratio or absolute light intensities of R and B light during an NI can influence flowering time. At a PPF of 0.4 μmol·m−2·s−1, a high R to B light ratio (3R:1B) was more inhibitory to flowering of chrysanthemum than a low R to B light ratio (1R:3B), but both mixtures of R and B light were 12PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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