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not as effective as R light alone at a PPF of 1.6 μmol·m−2·s−1 (Ho et al., 2012). Since flowering of chrysanthemum is strongly inhibited by R light and typically is not affected by B light, it may be the absolute R light intensity, rather than the R to B ratio, that led to the observed effects. Additional flowering research on B light in photoperiodic lighting and the interactions between B, R, and FR light are merited. Green light Early studies on a limited number of plants indicated that G light was a relatively ineffective LD signal (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). However, G light can be at least somewhat effective at regulating flowering of some SDPs and LDPs outside of the Brassicaceae. For example, a 2-h NI provided by G LEDs (peak wavelength = 530 nm) at a PPF of 8 to 10 μmol·m−2·s−1 was as effective as that provided by yellow or R LEDs at inhibiting flowering of cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus) and perilla and promoting flowering of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) grown during an SD season (Hamamoto et al., 2003). In addition, a 4-h NI provided by G LEDs (peak wavelength = 520 nm) delayed flowering of the SDP okra grown under an 8-h SD more effectively than that provided by B LEDs but less effectively than that provided by R LEDs (Hamamoto and Yamazaki, 2009). Following a 12-h photoperiod provided by FL lamps, a 4-h DE provided by G LEDs (peak wavelength = 518 nm) at a PPF of 70 μmol·m−2·s−1 was as effective as that provided by R (peak wavelength = 632 nm) or white LEDs at inhibiting flowering of chrysanthemum (Jeong et al., 2012). Appearance of visible inflorescences of chrysanthemum grown under natural SDs with a 1-h NI provided by G FL lamps was delayed by 17 d compared with those grown without an NI or with an NI provided by ultraviolet-A or B FL lamps; and a 15-min NI provided by R LEDs (peak wavelength = 596 nm) was more effective at 13PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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