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inhibiting flowering than those with peak wavelengths of 530 nm, 639 nm, or 660 nm (Sumitomo et al., 2012). Growth-response parameters In many ornamental crop production situations, a grower’s goal is to produce plants that are uniform with respect to stage of development (e.g., all vegetative or all reproductive) and morphology (e.g., of a desirable shape and height). Common metrics used to judge horticultural crops are flowering percentage, flower or inflorescence number, and plant height. A crop can have reduced value if standards set by the buyer are not met. Therefore, effects of electric lighting on growth, in addition to flowering, must be considered for commercial applications. An FR-rich (i.e., low R:FR) environment triggers the shade-avoidance response, which typically includes changes in plant morphology and physiology (Cerdán and Chory, 2003). Manipulating the R:FR in photoperiodic lighting can influence extension growth responses without exogenous application of plant hormones. Extension growth is related to gibberellin biosynthesis, a hormone that promotes various physiological responses, especially stem elongation, and photoregulation of gibberellins has been investigated (Hirose et al., 2012; Reid et al., 2002; Zhao et al., 2007). A low R:FR increases biosynthesis of gibberellins, which can promote stem elongation (Kurepin et al., 2012), and a high R:FR can inhibit extension growth of many plants. For example, chrysanthemum plants grown under a 9-h natural SD with a subsequent 30-min DE provided by R and FR LEDs were taller when the R:FR was ≤0.7 than at 2.4 (Lund et al., 2007). Similarly, in a study with lisianthus, internode length on the main stem was shorter under an NI with an R:FR of 5 or 10 than under an NI with an R:FR of 0.5 to 3 (Yamada et al., 2011). Results from studies using LEDs are in accordance with earlier work using spectral filters, which indicated that stem extension was promoted as the R:FR (or 14PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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