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treatments at night to block all direct light from adjacent treatment(s). To avoid shade cast by the black screens during the day, they were pulled closed between 1600 HR and 2000 HR and retracted before 0900 HR. At C. Raker & Sons and Kube Pak, the treatments were far enough apart to avoid light contamination. At C. Raker & Sons, CfAHR, Henry Mast Greenhouse, Krueger-Maddux Greenhouses, Kube Pak, and MSU, the LED lamps were installed 3.5, 3.0, 7.0, 5.5, 7.0, and 3.1 feet, respectively, above plants and 3 to 10 feet apart. The conventional lamps were installed as per each grower’s lighting standards. At C. Raker & Sons, two HPS lamps (400 W, PL2000; P.L. Light Systems Inc., Beamsville, ON, Canada) were hung 3.5 feet above the bench surface and 12 feet apart. At CfAHR, four INC lamps were placed 3 feet above benches and 3 feet apart. At Henry Mast Greenhouse, one HPS lamp (400 W, PL2000; P.L. Light Systems Inc.) was hung 7 feet above plants. At Krueger-Maddux Greenhouses, five INC lamps with metallic pie plates acting as reflectors were hung 4 feet above plants and 5 feet apart. At Kube Pak, three INC or CFL lamps were hung 10 feet above plants and 10 feet apart. At MSU, two INC lamps were hung 2.5 feet above plants and 2.5 feet apart and, along with the LEDs, were covered with multiple layers of aluminum mesh to achieve an average photon flux density of 2 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 between 400 nm and 800 nm (and was always between 1 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 and 3 μmol∙m−2∙s−1). The spectral distribution of the LED and INC lamps was measured by a spectroradiometer (PS-200; StellarNet, Inc., Tampa, FL), and the phytochrome photoequilibrium was estimated according to Sager et al. (1988) (Figure II-1). Supplemental lighting provided by HPS lamps was used for all plants from 0800 to 1700 HR, delivering a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 60 to 90 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 at plant canopy. Controlled by an environmental control computer, the HPS lamps were automatically switched on when the ambient PPF was lower than 185 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 and off when the ambient PPF was greater than 370 μmol∙m−2∙s−1. 36PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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