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every 10 s, and the same data logger recorded hourly averages. Data were analyzed with the SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) mixed-model (PROC MIXED) and glimmix-model (PROC GLIMMIX) procedures, and pairwise comparisons between treatments were performed with Tukey’s honest significant difference test (P = 0.05). Calculation of operating costs We estimated the initial investment and operating costs (in U.S. dollars) to uniformly deliver 4-h NI lighting with 150-W INC, 250-W HPS, and the 14-W R+W+FR LED lamps. Photoperiodic lighting was designed for a 4,320-square-foot (30×144 feet) greenhouse with 7- foot clearance above the bench. Data for INC and HPS lamps were adapted from Fisher and Both (2004). The expected useful lifetime for the R+W+FR LED lamp was 20,000 hours (Philips, 2014), and the purchase cost was $40 (E. Jansen, personal communication). Electrical costs were calculated according to the average retail price of electricity to the commercial sector in the United Sstates in 2013, which was $0.1029 per kilowatt-hour (Energy Information Administration, 2014). Results C. Raker & Sons All plants flowered under NI lighting treatments delivered by either the HPS lamps or LEDs (data not shown). There was no significant effect of lamp type on flowering time for any crop except verbena, which flowered approximately 8 d earlier under the HPS lamps (Figure II- 2). Although no data were recorded, the grower noted that plants under the HPS lamps were of higher visual quality than those under the LEDs: all cultivars appeared darker green and shorter under the HPS lamps. 38PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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