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delayed under the W, B+R, and B+FR NI compared with the INC, B+R+FR and R+FR NI, and flowering responses under B+FR NI were variable. In contrast, the B+R and B+FR NI were as effective as the INC NI for petunia ‘Wave Purple Improved’. We conclude that in at least the crops studied, low-intensity B light does not influence flowering. In addition, white LEDs that emit little FR light are effective at creating long days for SDPs but only for some LDPs. Introduction Flowering is influenced by various internal and external factors, including developmental competence, circadian rhythms, photoperiod, and vernalization (Hayama et al., 2007; Lee and Amasino, 1995; Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Many different responses, such as flowering, dormancy, and tuberization, are controlled by photoperiod in a wide range of plants (Jackson, 2009). Seasonal changes in daylength can be sensed by plants to regulate the flowering process. With respect to flower initiation in response to daylength, most plants can be categorized into short-day (SDPs), long-day (LDPs), and day-neutral plants (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Flowering of SDPs and LDPs is induced when the skotoperiod is longer or shorter than some critical duration, respectively. When the natural daylength is short, artificial lighting delivered during the middle of the night (night interruption, NI) can inhibit flowering of SDPs and promote flowering of LDPs. Night-interruption light intensity of 1 to 2 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 from broad-spectrum conventional light sources is typically sufficient to regulate flowering (Whitman et al., 1998). Phytochrome, a primarily red (R; 600 to 700 nm) and far-red (FR; 700 to 800 nm) light- absorbing photoreceptor, and cryptochrome, a primarily blue (B; 400 to 500 nm) and ultraviolet- A light-absorbing photoreceptor, are involved in regulation of flowering, and their functions are mediated by CONSTANS (CO), a transcription factor (Guo et al., 1998). In Arabidopsis, the 62PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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