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Greenhouse environment The experiment was conducted in a glass-glazed greenhouse at Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI) maintained at a constant air temperature of 20 °C as controlled by a greenhouse environmental control system (Integro 725; Priva North America, Vineland, Ontario, Canada). Roof and side vents, cellulose evaporative-cooling pads, and exhaust fans in the greenhouse were used for cooling and ventilation when needed. An aspirated thermocouple [36- gauge (0.127-mm diameter) type E] located in the middle of each bench measured air temperature at plant height every 10 s, and a data logger (CR10; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT) recorded hourly averages. The data logger controlled a 1500-W electric heater underneath each bench to automatically switch on to provide supplemental heat when the nighttime air temperature at plant height was <18.9 °C. The average daily air temperature of each treatment during the two replications of the experiment is provided in Table III-2. Supplemental lighting provided by 400-W HPS lamps (PL2000; P.L. Light Systems Inc., Beamsville, ON, Canada) was delivered from 0800 to 1700 HR at a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 60 to 90 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 at plant height. Controlled by the environmental control computer, the HPS lamps automatically switched on when the ambient solar PPF was <185 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 and off when it was >370 μmol∙m−2∙s−1. Line quantum sensors (Apogee Instruments, Inc., Logan, UT) positioned horizontally at plant height measured PPF every 10 s, and the same data logger recorded hourly averages. The average daily light integral was 11.5 mol∙m−2∙d−1 and 13.3 mol∙m−2∙d−1 during the first and second replications of the experiment, respectively. Data collection and analysis Leaf number on the primary stem was recorded at the onset of treatments, and the most recently mature leaf was marked. Dates of first visible bud or inflorescence (VB) and first open 67PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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