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flower were recorded. For plants in the Asteraceae, flowering was considered to occur when the outermost row of ray flowers of an inflorescence were open. At flowering, VB number, leaf number on the stem with the first open flower, and plant height (from media surface to the apex of an inflorescence) were also recorded. For petunia, length of the stem with the first open flower was measured, and leaf number at flowering was counted. Leaf number was not recorded for chrysanthemum grown under NI lighting treatments emitting R light due to the lack of a primary stem and inconsistent branching patterns. Data were analyzed using the SAS v.9.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) mixed-model (PROC MIXED) and glimmix-model (PROC GLIMMIX) procedures, and pairwise comparisons between treatments were performed using Tukey’s honest significant difference test (P = 0.05). Results Short-day plants All chrysanthemum plants flowered under all treatments (data not shown). However, compared with plants grown under the SD, all NI lighting treatments emitting R light substantially delayed VB appearance; the B and B+FR NI did not delay VB appearance (Table III-3). The B and B+FR NI had no or minimal effect on flowering time, respectively, whereas the B+R, INC, R+FR, B+R+FR, and W NI delayed flowering by 52, 64, 74, 76, and 96 d, respectively (Figure III-2). At flowering, chrysanthemum grown under the B+R+FR, R+FR, and INC NI were approximately 19 cm taller than those under the B NI and SD. Stem length was approximately 15 cm greater under the W and B+R NI than under the B NI and SD. At flowering, there were >200 VBs per plant under all NI lighting treatments except the B and B+FR NI, which had a similar VB number as chrysanthemum under the SD (26 to 32 VBs). 68PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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