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Discussion Blue light at 0.6 to 1.6 μmol∙m−2∙s−1, alone or when added to R and/or FR light as a 4-h NI, generally did not influence flowering in the SDP or LDP studied. The integrated cumulative irradiance of B light delivered in these treatments ranged from 8,900 to 22,600 μmol∙m−2∙d−1. Recent studies also have shown that 4-h NI lighting provided by B light alone at a low intensity (1 to 3 μmol∙m−2∙s−1) did not affect flowering of several SDPs and LDPs (Craig, 2012; Ho et al., 2012a). However, other studies using light sources that emitted a greater intensity of B light for NI lighting did regulate flowering. For example, in the LDP henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) grown under 10-h SDs, 2-h NI lighting from B light at 13 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (cumulative irradiance of 93,600 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) promoted flowering, but 10 min at 13 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (7,800 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) or 2 h at 3 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (21,600 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) did not (El Hattab, 1968). Similarly, 2-h NI lighting provided by B LEDs at 8 to 10 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (57,600 to 72,000 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) strongly inhibited flowering of the SDP beefsteak mint (Perilla ocymoides) (Hamamoto et al., 2003). In addition, 4-h NI lighting provided by B LEDs at 4 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (57,600 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) promoted flowering of the LDP cyclamen (Shin et al., 2010). The threshold intensity, duration, or cumulative irradiance for an effective B-light flowering response could vary among species. For example, 10 min of B light at >10 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (>6,000 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) inhibited flowering of duckweed (Saji et al., 1982), but 2 h of B light at 13 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (93,600 μmol∙m−2∙d−1) was required to promote flowering of henbane (El Hattab, 1968). An NI using R light is generally most effective at inhibiting flowering of SDPs (Choi, 2003; Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). For example, flowering was delayed as the R:FR increased from 0.66 to 147.29, reinforcing that a moderate-to-high R:FR controls flowering of SDPs (Craig and Runkle, 2013). White, FR-deficient light at 0.1 or 81 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 used for 30 72PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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