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min as an NI was as effective as R light at 0.07 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 at inhibiting flowering of the SDP minute duckweed (Lemna perpusilla) when the base photoperiod was 10 h (Takimoto, 1973). Flowering of chrysanthemum ‘Huang-Hsiu-Feng’ and ‘Lung-Feng-Tzu’ was also delayed under 4-h NI lighting from R light at 1.6 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 or W light at 0.5 to 0.8 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (Ho et al., 2012). Similarly in our study, a W NI strongly inhibited flowering of nearly all SDPs studied, and the B+R NI was comparably effective for SDPs except chrysanthemum. Surprisingly, the B+FR NI delayed flowering of dahlia ‘Leanne’ and to a lesser extent, marigold. For the SDPs rice and beefsteak mint, a B or R NI, but not an FR NI, delayed flowering (Choi, 2003; Ishikawa et al., 2009). However, an FR NI inhibited flowering of chrysanthemum and Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil), suggesting a low PFR/PR+FR could regulate flowering (Thomas and Vince- Prue, 1997). In addition, flowering of dahlia ‘Carolina Burgundy’ under an FR NI was similarly delayed as under an R NI (Craig and Runkle, 2013). Therefore, since B light did not influence flowering in our study, FR light alone or B+FR light reduced the PFR/PR+FR to 0.12 and inhibited flowering of some SDPs such as dahlia ‘Leanne’ and marigold. The B+R and B+FR NI both promoted flowering of petunia WPC and WPI, but flowering was even earlier under the B+R+FR NI. These results confirm that a mixture of R and FR light is often more effective at promoting flowering of LDPs than R or FR light alone (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Since an R:FR of 0.66 or 1.07 was generally more effective at promoting flowering of LDPs than higher or lower ratios (Craig and Runkle, 2012), the efficacy of the B+R+FR NI in our study may be explained by its effective R:FR of 1.05. Flowering time of most crops studied was similar under the B+R+FR, R+FR (R:FR = 0.98), and INC NI (R:FR = 0.61), indicating that LEDs with a moderate R:FR have the potential to replace INC lamps in flowering applications, and there is no benefit of including low-intensity B light to R and FR 73PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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