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light in photoperiodic lighting. However, not all LDPs require FR light for early flowering, such as rudbeckia in our study, which flowered similarly with or without FR light, and fuchsia (Fuchsia ×hybrida) ‘Trailing Swingtime’, which flowered most rapidly under an R NI, respectively (Craig, 2012). In our study, the B+FR NI was perceived as a long day by petunia WPC and WPI, but not by rudbeckia, indicating sensitivity to B+FR light is variable among species. Similarly, petunia WPI flowered earlier under the FR NI than under the SD, but flowering of many other LDPs was not promoted under an FR NI (Craig, 2012; Craig and Runkle, 2012). Therefore, the promotive effects of the B+FR NI for petunia could be attributed to FR light, but the possibility of the interaction between B and FR light cannot be excluded. Since FR light converts PFR to PR and thus reduces PFR/PR+FR, early flowering under the B+FR or FR NI may be triggered at a very low PFR/PR+FR under low-intensity lighting for certain species, or may be regulated by mechanisms that involve photoreceptors besides phytochromes. For each LDP, a flowering promotion index was calculated for each NI lighting treatment by multiplying flowering percentage, reciprocal of flowering time, and minimum flowering time within cultivar (Runkle and Heins, 2003). The flowering promotion indices were plotted according to the PFR/PR+FR values in the NI lighting treatments (Figure III-3). A PFR/PR+FR of 0.71 corresponded with the most rapid and complete flowering of all LDPs, in agreement with Craig and Runkle (2012). However, flowering responses were variable among LDPs under a very high PFR/PR+FR of 0.88 or a very low PFR/PR+FR of 0.12. In addition, a PFR/PR+FR of 0.53 under the B NI resulted in a flowering promotion index ranging from 0 to 0.9. The addition of B light to R and FR light had a negligible effect on the estimated PFR/PR+FR and accordingly did not influence the 74PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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