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Introduction Through adaptation and evolution, plants have developed sophisticated circadian behavior to synchronize to constantly changing photoperiodic cycles in the natural environment. Among many physiological processes, flowering of some plants is regulated by photoperiod (Thomas, 2006). Most plants can be categorized into one of three response groups: long-day plants (LDPs), short-day plants (SDPs), and day-neutral plants. Flowering of LDPs occurs or is accelerated when the night length is less than a critical duration, and flowering of SDPs occurs or is accelerated when the night length is sufficiently long (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). The critical photoperiod differs among species and cultivars and can overlap between LDPs and SDPs (Taiz and Zeiger, 2010). A large number of photoperiodic specialty crops are produced in northern climates during winter and early spring, when daylength is relatively short (e.g., <12 h). Photoperiodic lighting at a low intensity (1 to 2 μmol∙m−2∙s−1) hastens flowering of LDPs and inhibits flowering of SDPs. LDs can be created by electric lights to extend the natural photoperiod (day extension, DE) or to interrupt the long night (night interruption, NI) (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Generally, DE lighting that creates a day ≥16 h or 4-h NI lighting in the middle of the dark period are effective at controlling flowering of most photoperiodic plants (Craig, 2012; Runkle and Fisher, 2004; Runkle et al., 1998). Cyclic lighting, such as operating incandescent (INC) lamps intermittently during a 4-h NI or using stationary high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps with rotating reflectors, is another technique to deliver photoperiodic lighting while reducing energy inputs, but flowering of some LDPs is not as rapid as under a continual 4-h NI (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010; Runkle et al., 1998). 95PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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