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Materials and Methods Plant material Young plants were obtained from a commercial young-plant producer (C. Raker & Sons, Litchfield, MI) within one week of seed sow or for calibrachoa, as newly rooted liners. Tested crops included five LDPs: calibrachoa (Calibrachoa ×hybrida) ‘Callie Yellow Improved’, coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora) ‘Early Sunrise’, petunia (Petunia ×hybrida) ‘Wave Purple Improved’, rudbeckia (Rudbeckia hirta) ‘Indian Summer’, and snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) ‘Liberty Classic Yellow’, and one SDP: marigold (Tagetes erecta) ‘American Antigua Yellow’. This experiment was performed twice in time in a research greenhouse. All plants were received on 22 Nov. 2013 for the first replication and on 13 Feb. 2014 for the second replication. Calibrachoa, coreopsis, petunia, rudbeckia, snapdragon, and marigold were transplanted on 12 Dec., 13 Dec., 13 Dec., 12 Dec., 12 Dec., and 10 Dec. 2013, respectively, for the first replication, and on 14 Feb., 18 Feb., 18 Feb., 18 Feb., 18 Feb., and 16 Feb. 2014, respectively, for the second replication. Before the onset of treatments, all LDPs were grown under a truncated 9-h short day (SD) created by opaque black cloth from 0800 to 1700 HR, whereas marigold was grown under a 16-h LD. The natural photoperiod was supplemented by 400-W HPS lamps (PL2000; P.L. Light Systems Inc., Beamsville, ON, Canada) that delivered a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 60 to 90 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 at plant canopy from 0600 to 2200 HR. The HPS lamps switched on when the ambient solar PPF was <185 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 at plant canopy and turned off when the ambient PPF was >370 μmol∙m−2∙s−1. Because calibrachoa were reproductive upon receipt in the second replication, all plants were pinched to eight nodes on 27 Feb. 2014 and treated with ethephon (Florel; Southern Agricultural Insecticides, Inc., Palmetto, FL) as a 500 mg∙L−1 foliar spray at a volume of 0.2 L∙m−2 on 5 May 2014, and these applications effectively made them vegetative. 98PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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