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GreenPower LED flowering DR/W/FR 120V, E26; Philips) at 2 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 between 400 and 800 nm (Figure IV-1). The B LEDs had a peak wavelength of 450 nm, and the R+W+FR LEDs had peak wavelengths of 666 nm and 738 nm. The NI lighting treatments were delivered from 2230 to 0230 HR, and the DE lighting treatments were delivered from 1700 to 2230 HR. Spectral characteristics of the lighting treatments were measured by a portable spectroradiometer (LI- 1800, LI-COR, Inc., Lincoln, NE) (Table IV-2). For each lighting treatment, the R:FR was described using 100-nm or 10-nm wavebands, and phytochrome photoequilibrium (PFR/PR+FR) was calculated according to Sager et al. (1988). Light intensity was adjusted as needed by layering mesh screen under the light sources, moving light sources vertically, and/or using a dimming program that regulates B light intensity. All plants under the photoperiodic lighting treatments were placed on benches only where 1 to 3 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 of R+FR light and/or 70 to 130% of the target B light intensity was achieved as measured by the spectroradiometer. Data collection and analysis On the day of transplant, leaf number on the primary stem was recorded, and the edge of the most recently developed leaf was marked with white correction liquid. For all plants, date of the first visible bud or inflorescence (VB) was recorded. For plants in the Asteraceae, when the outermost row of ray flowers of the first inflorescence were perpendicular to the stem, and for other plants when the first flower opened, date of flowering, plant height (from the media surface to the tallest flowering inflorescence or stem), VB number of the whole plant, and leaf number above the marked leaf on the primary stem were recorded. For petunia, the stem with the first open flower was selected for measurements of stem length and leaf number. Additionally, marigold appeared darker green under some of the treatments, so relative leaf chlorophyll content of marigold was measured using an instant chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502, Spectrum 100PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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