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al., 1982). Similarly, the absolute amount of energy for B light to elicit the same flowering inhibition or promotion response as caused by R light was 20, 150, and 250 times higher, respectively, for the SDPs soybean (Glycine max) and cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) and the LDP barley (Hordeum vulgare) (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Therefore, the effectiveness of B light in photoperiodic lighting is apparently dependent on a threshold intensity that can vary among species. The promotion of flowering from at least a minimum threshold of B light could be mediated by cryptochromes, phytochromes, or both. As mentioned previously, phytochromes absorb blue light, but to a lesser extent than R and FR light (Vierstra and Quail; 1983). Therefore, a higher intensity of B light than R+FR light would logically be required to induce a phytochrome-mediated flowering response. However, the effectiveness of high-intensity B light can depend on light quality in the main photoperiod, at least for some crops. For example, a 4-h NI with B light (peak wavelength = 456 nm) at 39 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 did not inhibit flowering of chrysanthemum ‘Reagan’ when the base 12-h photoperiod was provided by white fluorescent lamps at 150 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (Higuchi et al., 2012). In contrast, a 4-h NI with B light at 20 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 inhibited flowering when the main photoperiod consisted of solely B light at 100 μmol∙m−2∙s−1. In our study, a 4-h NI with B light at 30 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 promoted flowering of all LDPs and inhibited flowering of all SDPs. To our knowledge, using a B NI to regulate flowering of popular photoperiodic ornamental crops has not been previously published. Flowering of calibrachoa and petunia, both of the Solanaceae, was slightly earlier under the B30* NI than under the B0* NI. The average DLI throughout the experiment was approximately 12 mol∙m−2∙d−1, and a 4-h NI with B light at 15 and 30 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 increased the DLI by 0.2 and 0.4 mol∙m−2∙d−1 (or 1.7% and 3.3%), respectively, which is relatively 105PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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