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insignificant. Although increasing the average DLI can accelerate flowering of many crops (Fausey et al., 2005; Oh et al., 2009), flowering time of ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum), begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum), impatiens (Impatiens walleriana), petunia ‘Apple Blossom’, and salvia (Salvia coccinea) was similar under an average DLI of 5 and 12 mol∙m−2∙d−1 (Faust et al., 2005). The intensity of the R+W+FR light already exceeded the threshold to regulate flowering (Whitman et al., 1998). Furthermore, a previous study showed that when the PPF of a 4-h NI intermittently provided by HPS lamps ranged from 0.8 to 25.4 μmol∙m−2∙s−1, flowering of campanula ‘Pearl Deep Blue’, coreopsis ‘Early Sunrise’, and petunia ‘East Wave Coral Reef’ was similar (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010). Therefore, this promotion of flowering from additional B to R+W+FR light was probably not from greater photosynthesis. Earlier flowering under B30* NI cannot be readily explained by the estimated PFR/PR+FR of the lighting treatments, since their values (Table IV-2) are within the moderate range that regulates flowering of LDPs through phytochromes (Craig and Runkle, 2012). A cryptochrome-mediated response or the coaction of activated phytochromes and cryptochromes offers a reasonable explanation, because sensitivity of flowering to photoperiod can be mediated by both families of photoreceptors (Cashmore et al., 1999). The B0* DE+B30 NI (which created an 18.5-h day) was as effective as the B0* DE (which created a 14.5-h day) and B30 NI at controlling flowering of all crops except petunia and snapdragon. In agreement with these results, time to flower of petunia ‘Express Blush Pink’ decreased linearly as the photoperiod increased up to 14.4 h, and a longer photoperiod did not further promote flowering (Adams et al., 1998). However, the B0* DE+B30 NI was more promotive than the B0*DE and B30 NI for snapdragon. For snapdragon, an increase in photoperiod decreased flowering time, and flowering was most rapid under a 24-h photoperiod 106PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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