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(Cremer et al., 1998; Flint, 1960; Langhans and Maginnes, 1962). Some other facultative LDPs, such as Arabidopsis (Corbesier et al., 1996) and annual baby’s breath (Gypsophila elegans) (Takeda, 1996), also flowered most rapidly under continuous light. Therefore, the earlier flowering of snapdragon under the 18.5-h day could simply be from a longer photoperiod. All lighting treatments with R+W+FR light promoted flowering of all LDPs. The efficacy of R+W+FR light could at least partially be attributed to its effective R:FR of 0.81, since an R:FR of 0.59 to 1.07 promoted flowering of LDPs the most (Craig and Runkle, 2012). Similarly, the LDP lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum) ‘Nail Peach Neo’ flowered earlier as the R:FR decreased from 10 to 0.5 (Yamada et al., 2009). In addition, an R:FR of 0.23 to 0.71 promoted flowering of the LDP baby’s breath (Gypsophila paniculata) ‘Bristol Fairy’ (Nishidate et al., 2012). These studies reinforce the paradigm that a somewhat equal mixture of R and FR light is more effective than R or FR light alone at promoting flowering of LDPs (Thomas and Vince- Prue, 1997). DE and NI lighting are used to create LDs for regulation of flowering of photoperiodic plants, especially ornamentals and other specialty crops (Thomas and Vince-Prue, 1997). Flowering of rudbeckia ‘Denver Daisy’, tickseed (Coreopsis verticillata) ‘Moonbeam’, and spinach (Spinacia oleracea) ‘Bloomsdale Longstanding’ was similarly promoted under a 9-h day with a 7-h DE or 4-h NI (Craig, 2012). In addition, flowering of campanula (Campanula carpatica) ‘Deep Blue Clips’ and coreopsis ‘Early Sunrise’ was similar under a 9-h day with a 6- h DE or 4-h NI provided by INC, CFL, or both lamps (Padhye and Runkle, 2011). In our study, rudbeckia and marigold flowered similarly when an LD was created by a 5.5-h DE or 4-h NI provided by R+W+FR LEDs, but flowering of calibrachoa, coreopsis, petunia, and snapdragon was 14%, 10%, 11%, and 8% earlier, respectively, under the 4-h NI. Other studies have reported 107PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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