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C.S. Enwemeka, et al. Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology, B: Biology 207 (2020) 111891 that blue light—particularly pulsed blue light, which recent reports have shown to be 40 to 100 times more potent than continuous wave blue light [33–35]—has great potential to inactivate coronaviruses. Already, fresh off the press is an early report that the common cold virus—a coronavirus—is inactivated by light [98]. In this recent study, broad spectrum light—mimicking sunlight—was tested on aerosolized influenza virus at 20% and 70% relative humidity, while the decay constant and half-life of the virus were measured as indices of survival. The results showed that relative humidity had no effect. The simulated sunlight alone significantly inactivated the virus, resulting in −1 [6] Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Coronavirus Resource Center, https:// coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html accessed on April 26, 2020. [7] R. 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Tata (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 12 Springer Publishers, New York, 2008, pp. 33–37. [34] D.S. Masson-Meyers, V.V. Bumah, C. Castel, D. Castel, C.S. Enwemeka, Pulsed 450 nm blue light significantly inactivates Propionibacterium acnes more than con- tinuous wave blue light, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 202 (2020) 111719, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111719. [35] V.V. Bumah, D.S. Masson-Meyers, C.S. Enwemeka, Pulsed 450 nm blue light sup- presses MRSA and Propionibacterium acnes in planktonic cultures and bacterial biofilms, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B 202 (2020) 111702, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jphotobiol.2019.111702. [36] V.V. Bumah, D.S. Masson-Meyers, W. Tong, C. Castel, C.S. Enwemeka, Optimizing the bactericidal effect of pulsed blue light on Propionibacterium acnes - a correlative fluorescence spectroscopy study, Photochem. Photobiol. B 2020 (2020) 111701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111701. [37] V.V. Bumah, D.S. Masson-Meyers, C.S. Enwemeka, Blue 470 nm light suppresses the growth of Salmonella enterica and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro, Lasers Surg. Med. 47 (2015) 595–601. [38] N.T.A. De Sous, M.F. Santos, R.C. Gomes, H.E. Brandino, R. Martinez, R.R. de Jesus Guirro, Blue laser inhibits bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Photomed. Laser Surg. 33 (2015) 278–282. [39] M.R. Hamblin, J. Viveiros, C. Yang, A. Ahmadi, R.A. Ganz, M.J. Tolkoff, Helicobacter pylori accumulates photoactive porphyrins and is killed by visible light, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 2822–2827. 0.29 ± 0.09 min 2.4 min compared to non-irradiated controls, which had 0.02 ± 0.06 min−1 decay constant and 31.1 min half-life. The re- sulting 93% increase in decay constant and the concomitant 92.3% decline in half-life due to light is impressive. This recent development buttresses the suggestion that blue light, in particular, pulsed blue light, which recent reports have shown to be 40 to 100 times more potent than the commonly available continuous wave blue light [34–36], has great potential to inactivate COVID-19 and other coronaviruses, in addition to suppressing related opportunistic bacterial infections. This recent finding further elevates the urgency to explore the potential of blue light as an antiviral agent. When convincing clinical results prove that blue light is antiviral, in addition to being antibiotic against cor- onavirus opportunistic bacteria, it would be a revolutionary paradigm shift, considering the ubiquity of low cost blue light emitting devices and the low risk involved in terms of safety. Moreover, the potential to disinfect equipment, the environment and spaces difficult to sanitize with common disinfectants, is huge. decay constant and a half-live of approximately Declaration of Competing Interest The authors certify that this manuscript is an original work and that besides presentation at conferences and related abstract publication, it has not been submitted or published, in whole or in part, in any other medium and is not under consideration for publication in any other journal. Furthermore, we the authors are liable for its content and for having contributed to the conception, design and implementation of the work, data analysis and data interpretation, and for having participated in writing and reviewing the text, as well as approving the final version submitted. Likewise, we accept the introduction of changes to the content, if necessary subsequent to review, and of changes to the style of the manuscript by the journal's editorial staff. We also declare that conflict of interest does not exist. Acknowledgement We thank Dr. Aldo Brugnera of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil for his correspondence with Dr. Chukuka S. Enwemeka, which inspired this paper, Drs. Terrence L. Baker, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD and J. Chris Castel, Carewear Corporation, Reno, NV for their encouragement, and Dr. Jack Greiner, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophtalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA for his editorial review and feedback on the paper. References [1] D.M. Morens, A.S. Fauci, The 1918 influenza pandemic: insights for the 21st cen- tury, J. Infect. Dis. 195 (2007) 1018–1028. [2] N.P. Johnson, J. Mueller, Updating the accounts: global mortality of the 1918–1920 “Spanish” influenza pandemic, Bull. Hist. Med. 76 (2002) 105–115. [3] K.D. Patterson, G.F. Pyle, The geography of mortality of the 1918 influenza pan- demic, Bull. Hist. Med. 65 (1991) 4–21. [4] B.J. Jester, T.M. Uyeki, A. Patel, L. Koonin, D.B. Jernigan, 100 years of medical countermeasures and pandemic influenza preparedness, Am. J. Public Health 108 (2018) 1469–1472. [5] Centers for Disease Control, Basic information about SARS, (January 13, 2004), pp. 1–2. 5PDF Image | Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections
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