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peripheral tissues such as muscle and liver. They conducted an experiment wherein they established parabiotic pairings (that is, a shared circulatory system) between young and old mice (heterochronic parabioses), exposing old mice to factors present in young serum. Notably, heterochronic parabiosis restored the activation of Notch signaling as well as the proliferation and regenerative capacity of aged satellite cells. The exposure of satellite cells from old mice to young serum enhanced the expression of the Notch ligand (Delta), increased Notch activation, and enhanced proliferation in vitro. In another line of research, Goldxxix et al elucidated the role of a protein signaling molecule, calreticulin (CRT), an intracellular protein with functional significance in the transport of protein through the endoplasmic reticulum. It has more recently been recognized as a critical regulator of extracellular functions, particularly, in mediating cellular migration and as a requirement for the uptake and clearance of dead cells. Dr. Leslie Gold and her team discovered that CRT has remarkable effects on the acceleration of the rate and quality of tissue repair in experiments that involved both the application of CRT to different animal models of skin injury and in vitro assays commonly used to assess wound repair. Minimized scarring is observed with infrared light treatment. Some of these signaling mechanisms may underlie the efficacy of infrared light in accelerating wound healing, as seen in clinical trials. Mechanisms of Action: Lymphatic Drainage There is also a hypothetical potential that the presence of IR by increasing lymphatic circulation does so by virtue of an increase in the diameter of the lymphatic vessels, not just by increased flow rates within the vessel at an unchanged diameter. This diameter increase, if definitively present, would also explain the presence of large diameter protein cells within the normal bone circulation that cannot be attributed to the vascular circulation and would additionally explain a facilitated process for removal of debris and larger protein cells passing out of traumatized areas that is additionally stimulated by the use of IR.xxx Mechanisms of Action: Effects on Nerves Studies of the effectiveness of light therapy on a number of chronic pain conditions suggest that it may have activity on specific nerve fibers involved in “slow conduction” of pain signals. Human and animal studies have found elevated levels of endorphins (small proteins which block pain signals in nerves) in response to light therapy. Mechanisms of Action: ATP – The energy source for cells in the body Light affects the mitochondrial respiratory chain by changing the electric potential of cell membranes and, consequently, their selective permeability for sodium, potassium and calcium ions, or by increasing the activity of certain enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase or adenosine triphosphatase.xxxi Clinical results have been attributed to the general effects of infrared light therapy and its ability to increase the rates of healing through mitochondrial ATP production and alteration in the cellular lipid bi-layer. Additional hypothesis includes the subsequent capacity of irradiated cells to alter their ion exchange rate and thus influence the catalytic effects of the specific enzymes and substrates. These in turn initiate and promote the healing process completing the cascading cycle of events.xxxii Studies of cultured cells show that levels of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) are raised upon exposure to specific wavelengths of infrared light. ATP is the final fuel into which all food is ultimately transformed. It is the energy currency for the body’s cells. The body’s self repair of injured tissues requires enhanced amounts of ATP. Studies of rats exposed to infrared light show increased ATP levels in their brains. In addition to serving as the energy currency for cells, ATP can serve as a neurotransmitter. After being broken down to adenosine, it binds to adenosine receptors that block pain signals in the nervous system.PDF Image | Mechanisms of Action for Infrared Light on Tissue Healing
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