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significant activity increase (3 %) at the highest dose of 32.9 J/cm2 [17]. Using fluorescence- quenching to measure neuronal oxygen consumption by looking at oxygen concentration in the cortex, Rojas et al report a 5 % increase in oxygen consumption at 1 J/cm2 and a 16 % increase at a dose of 5 J/cm2 when using PBM with 660 nm and an energy density of 9 mW/cm2 on rats [44]. 4 Transmission Tedford et al quantitatively analyzed the amount of light that reaches the brain by using human cadaver heads, which they sectioned in such way that all of the intermittent tissues were kept intact and the optical energy was measured “on site” within the brain [24]. Results show an exponential increase in fluence rates with a linear decrease in distance between measurement probe and light source. An absorption coefficient for each of the measured wavelengths is also provided which can then be used to calculate the dose supplied to any point inside the brain using equation (1): 𝐹(𝑥)[mW]=F0[mW]∙e−μ[cm−1]∙x[cm] cm2 cm2 (1) With F(x) being the radiant intensity delivered to the point inside the brain in mW/cm2 per 1 mW/cm2 delivered to the surface of the scalp (F0), and x being the distance between the surface of the scalp and the point of interest inside the brain. The value for μ is the absorption coefficient of the tissue at each supplied wavelength; at 660 nm it is 3.3504 cm-1, at 808 nm it is 2.5541 cm-1, and at 940 nm it is 3.3922 cm-1. Lychagov et al studied the NIR transmittance of the human skull and demonstrated that 0.5 % to 5 % of the emitted light from a 1 W laser with a wavelength of 810 nm is transmitted in transcranial application, proving the exponential relationship between the thickness of skin and bone and light transmission in the NIR-range [45]. Enengl, Dungel #neverforget – PBM vs AD: A Systematic Review Page 12 of 25PDF Image | Photobiomodulation Against Alzheimer’s Disease
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