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Molecules 2020, 25, 4102 13 of 22 significant amount of ROS after irradiation [148], which is considered an important feature of potent PSs. The photoactivity of harmine was proved by the UVA (long-wave ultraviolet radiation) irradiation against tumour cell lines [148]. Berberine was extensively investigated as a potential photosensitising agent for PDT [149–151]. The fluorescent active nature of berberine is indicated for its efficiency in PDT [149]; thus, berberine and its associated alkaloids can be used as a new candidate for photodynamic therapy [150]. Different studies have proved the photosensitising as well as ROS generation ability of alkaloids in the presence of a light source [151]. Therefore, berberine can be studied as a natural photosensitiser in PDT applications with minimal side effects. 5.5. Anthraquinones (AQ) Anthraquinone are the largest group among natural quinones from higher plants, which, including naphthoquinones and benzoquinones, includes over 700 compounds, including emodin, physcion, catenarin and rhein [152,153]. The hydroxylation pattern, however, dictates the possibility of AQs’ photopharmacological properties. Notably, AQs’ aminoanthraquinone derivatives were studied extensively for their photoactive properties among the plant compounds due to their UV/vis absorption and photosensitising nature [154,155]. The AQs were reported as kinase and tyrosinase inhibitors as well as cytotoxicity agents. The M. elliptica AQs such as morindone, soranjidiol and rubiadin were also reported for their antitumour activity against lymphocytic leukaemia (P-388) cells [156]. The anthraquinones isolated from H. pustulata leaves and stem exhibited photosensitising properties by generation of singlet oxygen and/or superoxide anion radicals [157]. Comini et al. [158] reported that irradiation of AQs (soranjidiol and rubiadin) under visible radiation of 380–480 nm can promote the anti-proliferative effect on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, Montoya et al. [157] and Vittar et al. [159] also reported photosensitisation effects of AQs in Balb/c mice and their leukocyte-inhibiting ability in a dose-dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, necrosis, or autophagy. These study results show the photoactive nature of AQs to inhibit the proliferation of cancerous cells. Based on the previous studies and the above data, molecular targets responsible for the anticancer activity of AQs and major phytocompounds are summarised in Figure 4. 6. Theorical Studies for Assessing the Photoactivity of Natural Compounds The development of various antitumor compounds with different molecular targets initiated an exciting field of investigation with recently developed theoretical studies. The theoretical studies including density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) were used to assess a series of photophysical properties, including absorption spectra, excitation energies (singlet and triplet) and spin–orbit matrix elements. All the reported compounds are potential UVA chemotherapeutic agents which require the lowest triplet-state energy for producing highly cytotoxic ROS [160,161]. 7. Advantages and Scope of Natural PSs The anticancer property of many plant extracts and bioactive compounds have been analysed, but not so much in terms of as sources of photosensitisers. Selecting proper PSs is the first step in PDT, and, to date, only a few PSs are clinically approved, such as Photofrin, Foscan and Levulan. The present study explored the common photoactive nature of various phytocompounds. Many of the natural photoactive compounds were reported for their non-toxicity against normal cells and toxicity towards cancer cells. The important property of a PS is the nontoxic nature during the absence of light. The increasing activity of extracts or phytocompounds after irradiation by light makes them good photosensitising candidates for PDT. Another important feature that makes photoactive plant compounds suitable photosensitisers is their absorption maxima at 400–700 nm, which is biologically compatible. The selective nature of these compounds is important in clinical PDT to overcome side effects. Future studies are warranted to isolate and evaluate these specific photoactive compounds from plants to be used as a potent PSs for PDT for cancer and related disorders [162,163].PDF Image | Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
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