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Molecules 2020, 25, 4102 14 of 22 8. Conclusions and Future Perspectives As discussed in this review, plant-based photoactive compounds can be used as a natural PSs in PDT application. There are wide range of unknown natural compounds with different photoactive and phototoxic properties. This review summarises and encourages researchers to identify and elucidate natural photoactive plant-based compounds and to use them as alternatives for the synthesis PSs for a better PDT outcome. Furthermore, discovering natural phototoxic agents as PSs will be helpful to reduce toxicity and side effects and improve selectivity. In conclusion, use the plant-based PSs in PDT typically causes less and minimal adverse effects than other treatments that are commonly used in cancer therapies. Author Contributions: Conceptualisation and writing, K.M.; review and editing, K.M., B.G., T.P. and H.A.; supervision, B.G., T.P. and H.A. The final version of the submitted manuscript was read and agreed by all the authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This work is supported by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India in the form of SERB—Overseas Visiting Doctoral Fellowship (ODF/2018/000072). This work is also based on the research supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant No. 98337). Acknowledgments: The authors sincerely thank the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India and the Laser research centre, University of Johannesburg, South Africa for their support. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. El-Hussein, A.; Harith, M.; Abrahamse, H. Assessment of DNA Damage after Photodynamic Therapy Using a Metallophthalocyanine Photosensitizer. Int. J. Photoenergy 2012, 2012, 1–10. [CrossRef] 2. Klug, W.S.; Cummings, M.R.; Spencer, C.A. Concepts of Genetics, 8th ed.; Pearson Education International: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 2006. 3. Matés, J.M.; Segura, J.A.; Alonso, F.J.; Márquez, J.D. Intracellular redox status and oxidative stress: Implications for cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. Arch. Toxicol. 2008, 82, 273–299. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 4. Santiago-Montero, R.; Sossa-Azuela, H.; Gutiérrez-Hernández, D.; Zamudio, V.; Hernández-Bautista, I.; Valadez-Godínez, S. Novel Mathematical Model of Breast Cancer Diagnostics Using an Associative Pattern Classification. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 136. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. Zhou, Z.; Song, J.; Nie, L.; Chen, X.S. Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2016, 45, 6597–6626. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 6. Baskaran, R.; Lee, J.; Yang, S.-G. Clinical development of photodynamic agents and therapeutic applications. Biomater. Res. 2018, 22, 25. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. De Almeida, D.R.Q.; Terra, L.F.; Labriola, L.; Dos Santos, A.F.; Baptista, M.S. Photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment—An update review. J. Cancer Metastasis Treat. 2019, 2019, 10–20517. [CrossRef] 8. Nguyen, K.; Khachemoune, A. An update on topical photodynamic therapy for clinical dermatologists. J. Dermatol. Treat. 2019, 30, 732–744. [CrossRef] 9. Blasi, M.A.; Pagliara, M.M.; Lanza, A.; Sammarco, M.G.; Caputo, C.G.; Grimaldi, G.; Scupola, A. Photodynamic Therapy in Ocular Oncology. Biomedicines 2018, 6, 17. [CrossRef] 10. Choi, Y.M.; Adelzadeh, L.; Wu, J.J. Photodynamic therapy for psoriasis. J. Dermatol. Treat. 2014, 26, 202–207. [CrossRef] 11. Silva, A.M.; Siopa, J.R.; Martins-Gomes, C.; Teixeira, M.D.C.; Santos, D.J.; Pires, M.D.A.; Andreani, T. New strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases using nanotechnologies. Emerg. Nanotechnol. Immunol. 2018, 135–163. [CrossRef] 12. Hatz, K.; Schneider, U.; Henrich, P.B.; Braun, B.; Sacu, S. Ranibizumab plus Verteporfin Photodynamic Therapy in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: 12 Months of Retreatment and Vision Outcomes from a Randomized Study. Ophthalmologia 2014, 233, 66–73. [CrossRef] [PubMed]PDF Image | Role of Photoactive Phytocompounds in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer
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