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pain. However, this study was a subjective evaluation meaning that it was the opinion of a cohort which determined this outcome. By using a combination of professional and lay people Dyson was able to ensure fascial pain was not a factor to how experienced a person is and rather what they feel the image is expressing. A subjective study will mean that the validity is questioned, but Dyson has ensured that the cohort is varied meaning the validity is increased. A more recent study in 2018 researched horse’s fascial responses to bitting (Cook and Kibler, 2018). The study resulted horses exhibited a higher number of ‘behavioural signs of pain’ when they were bitted (behaviour = 23) than when the bit was removed from the horse for 35 days (behaviour = 2). This study was carried out via an owner based ‘optional’ questionnaire which was given to them when they purchased a ‘bit less bridle’ from the author of the paper. This way of collecting data is firstly subjective as he was carefully selecting his audience in a way that may seem objective. Participants might have felt pressured to return the questionnaire and were already interested in the effects of a bit less bridle prior to research commencing. Thus, the validity of the study is compromised. Cook was the CEO of the company ‘bitless bridle’ in the US therefore it was in his best interest for the results of the study to be beneficial to his income and livelihood (Cook and Kibler, 2018). Again, potentially invalidating the results. It would have been more appropriate for this study to have an ethogram produced by professionals and carried out by a randomised control group like the Dyson et al., (2017) study. Another way that Cook and Kibler (2018) could have carried out this in a different way would be to use a similar system to McBride et al., (2004) who used a 5 level scoring system to determine how horses reacted to massage therapy. Although this way is not as precise as Dyson et al., (2017) it would control the study if carried out by an independent person. This would be more effective rather than the owners of the horses who have purchased the bridle and therefore have an invested interest in the product. A study by (Ijichi et al., 2014) discovered that lameness was not a sole indicator of the severity of damage or degeneration. Factors such as personality were looked at in this study and the prelimary findings of this investigation showed that personality 12PDF Image | THE EFFECT OF LIGHT THERAPY ON HEART RATE, HORSES
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