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Molecules 2020, 25, 4411 5 of 14 hydroxyl toluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and propyl gallate which led to destroying the liver and causing cancer [28]. Ina and Kamei [29] classified the algal antioxidants into two groups; (1) water-soluble antioxidants vitamins, phycobiliproteins and polyphenols, and (2) fat-soluble antioxidants carotenoids and vitamin E (α-tocopherol). Carrageenans, porphyrans, and agars have strong antioxidant and immunostimulatory [30]. The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides relies upon the level of sulfate, molecular weight, sort, and branching of the main sugar. Hence, the antioxidant efficacy of low molecular weight SPs is better than those of high molecular weight SPs whereas, the smallest polysaccharides may integrate into the cells more effortlessly and give protons higher adequately contrasted with larger polysaccharides [31]. Benattouche et al. [32] recommended the SPs from Corallina officinalis for use in natural antioxidants in food industry applications. Phycobiliproteins are hydrophilic groups of pigment-proteins from red macroalgae, have antioxidant ability in vitro and in vivo toward free radicals and selenium [33]. R-phycoerythrin from Mastocarpus stellatus has antioxidant ability [34]. R-phycoerythrin from Palmaria palmata and Polysiphonia urceolata identified as antioxidant agents [35]. Mycosporine from red seaweed had antioxidant activities [3]. Phenol compounds play a vital role against external stress. These compounds vary from simple acids to more complex polyphenolic compounds. These compounds are great antioxidants and act as chelators of metals and free radicals, inhibiting lipid, and scavengers of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)likeHO;OH•;O•−&1O [6].Thephenolicandflavonoidcontentsofredseaweedfromthe 2222 Alexandria coast are significantly correlated to their DPPH antioxidant ability [2,36]. The antioxidant potency of macroalgal phenolic compounds counteracts the deleterious impacts of the advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are the toxic effects associated with hyperglycemia (Figure 3) [6]. The red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula bromophenols had antioxidant efficiency [37]. The antioxidant capacity of Polysiphonia stricta relates to brominated units and its degrees [38]. Despite the low macroalgal lipid content but it is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acid PUFA, especially the arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic, α-linoleic, and octadecatetraenoic acids which had the prohibition of cardiovascular infections, diabetes, antimicrobial antiviral and antioxidant abilities [39]. The antioxidant activities of the extracted fatty acids from Pterocladia capillacea and Osmundaria obtusiloba were more than 50% Ascorbic Acid Activity (AsA) [40]. Bioactive peptides from red seaweed Polysiphonia urceolata and Palmaria palmata are known as antioxidant agents [35]. The protective role of lipophilic constituents of macroalgae toward lipid peroxidation is related to low polarity and high solubility [26]. Also, enzymes from red algae Palmaria palmata, such as proteases and carbohydrases showed antioxidant efficiency [41]. 5. Anticancer and Antiproliferative Activities Cancer is a noteworthy medical issue worldwide and, until now, lacks fully effective medicines. Macroalgae have cancer-fighting agents that may demonstrate valuable in relieving tumors and other cancer conditions like breast, colon cancer, and leukemia [19,42]. In the 1960s, the first anticancer medicine from marine algae (algasol T331) has been detected in Italy. Recently, new anticancer medicine was be produced from red seaweed Gracilaria foliifera and green seaweed Cladophoropsis sp. [43]. The antioxidant efficiency of the polysaccharide fractions itself might play a role in their antitumor action. Polysaccharides from J. rubens were a potential candidate for anticancer treatment [42]. Carrageenan oligosaccharides from different red species showed anticarcinogenic action with less cytotoxicity and synergistic impacts with usual medicines, as well as enhancing the immunocompetence destroyed cells by these mediciness [44]. Luo et al. [45] recommended that the λ-carrageenan injection that could repress malignant development in B16-F10 and 4T1 bearing mice and upgrade tumor resistant reactions by rising the tumor-infiltrating M1 macrophages number dendritic cell antigen “DCs” and extra stimulated CD4 + CD8 + T lymphocytes in the spleen. Agar extracted from cold-water extractionPDF Image | Therapeutic Uses of Red Macroalgae
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