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Molecules 2020, 25, 4411 6 of 14 of red algae Gracilaria species exhibits antitumor efficiency with antioxidant activity [37]. Porphyrans are an anionic polysaccharide, isolated from Porphyra sp. shows anticancer activity [46]. Coura et al. [47] reported the biological activities of agars oligosaccharides anti-tumoral and immunomodulatory. Phycobiliproteins from red macroalgal species have an important role as anticancer agents, due to their high efficiency and low toxicity. They can enhance the activity of conventional anticancer medicines, decreasing their side impacts, and act as photosensitizers for the infected cells treatment [48]. Especially, phycocyanin (PC) has the antitumor impact that can obstruct the cancer cells multiplication and kill the infected cell, thereby PC can serve as a promising anticancer agent [49]. PC exhibited many anticancer mechanisms, such adjusting the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), which invigorates the produce of cytochrome c and elevate the ROS formation, at last lead to cancer cell apoptosis. Also, it can repress the Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) definition and down-regulate the MMP-9 explanation via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Moreover, they are a toxin on tumor cells and are non-toxic to ordinary cells [50]. The anti-proliferation activity of PC is mediated by BCR-ABL signaling and suppression of the downstream PI3K/Akt “Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/ protein kinase B” pathway. Also, (MAPK), (PI3K/Akt/mTOR the mammalia target of rapamycin), and Nuclear Factor (NF-κB) pathways involved phycocyanin-induced cell death [49]. Macroalgal phenolic compounds play an important role as tumor fighter through inhibition of the tumor cells via a xenobiotic processing, which changes the carcinogen activation, or through disturbing the cellular division during mitosis at the telophase stage. They also decrease the amount of cellular protein and mitotic index, while some flavonoids can alter hormone production and inhibit aromatase to restrain the malignancy cells progress [51]. Terpernoids, isolated from red seaweed, have demonstrated a high antitumor ability [37]. The water extracts of Laurencia obusta indicated significant antiproliferative ability toward both HCT15, A549 and MCF7 due to their polyphenols contents [52]. The bis (2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether from most red seaweed had apoptotic ability toward K562 human myelogenous leukemia cells [53]. The organic extract from Rhodomela confervoides contain 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxy-benzaldehyde bromophenols and 3-bromo-4,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid methyl ester with a maximum activity toward KB, A549 cancer cell lines and Bel-7402 (Human papillomavirus-related endocervical adenocarcinoma) [38]. The diterpene, sphaerodactylomelol fraction 1 from Sphaerococcus coronopifolius inhibited the cell proliferation [15]. 6. Anti-Inflammatory Activity Inflammation is defined as a defense reaction in a broad assortment of physiological and pathological procedures, caused by injury, harm, and contagion, or it may be due to the release of chemical substances from migrating cells [54]. Macroalgal polysaccharides exhibited anti-inflammatory potency with no toxic effects on human health. Orally administration of polysaccharide fractions from Gracilaria verrucosa to mice and intraperitoneally increased the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities and stimulating phagocytosis [55]. A sulfated polysaccharide fraction from Gracilaria cornea shows anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of histamine, neutrophil migration, and vascular permeability [47]. Porphyrans extracted from Porphyra sp. shows anti-inflammatory activity in humans by the suppression of nitric oxide (NO) production and hindering NF-B activation in the mouse macrophages of RAW264.7 cells [46]. Carrageenans from red species act as anti-inflammatory inducing agents in experimental animals [56]. Phycobiliproteins are commercially used for their therapeutic value as anti-inflammatory agents [57]. Especially R-phycoerythrin from most red seaweed such as Gelidium pusillum, Chondrus crispus, and Gracilaria verrucosa exhibited anti-inflammatory capacity [58]. Phycocyanin exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity with antioxidative ability [37].PDF Image | Therapeutic Uses of Red Macroalgae
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