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184 D. W. SHIN excessive sebum secretion blocks air circulation in the hairs to create an environment that is conducive to the growth of P. acnes, an anaerobic bacterium. Porphyrin is produced in acne, and when it is irradiated with blue light as a light-sensitive substance, it produces singlet oxygen, which interferes with the chemical metabolic reaction of acne and eventually kills P. acnes (Gold et al. 2011; Wheeland and Dhawan 2011; Dai et al. 2012; Kwon et al. 2013; Amin et al. 2016). Blue light irradiation is also effective for treating severe atopic der- matitis (Becker et al. 2011; Kromer et al. 2019). Green light (490 nm ∼ 560 nm) The study of green light is rarely reported compared to other wavelengths of visible light. Green light (490 ∼ 560 nm) has no effect on the barrier recovery rate after damage by tape stripping (Denda and Fuziwara 2008). A recent study reported that green light (520 ± 30 nm, 240 J/cm2) helps stimulate angiogenesis and myofibroblast differentiation, which is important for the recovery phase of third-degree burns (Simoes et al. 2020). Therefore, further research on the biological effects of green light is needed. Yellow-orange light (560 nm ∼ 630 nm) 590 nm light irradiation significantly reduces the level of UVA-induced ROS, the phosphorylation level of Jun N- terminal kinases, and the expression level of MMP-1 in human fibroblasts. This phenomenon is due to mito- chondrial retrograde signaling that induces expression of the antioxidant enzyme catalase in a peroxisome pro- liferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α-dependent manner (Lan et al. 2015). Another study has reported that LED irradiation (595 ± 2 nm) increases the expression level of collagen type 1 and MMP-1 in human dermal fibroblasts. In an in vivo model, 595 nm LED irradiation enhanced the synthesis of collagen type 1 in a dose-dependent manner (Kim, Choi, et al. 2016). Interestingly, yellow light (590 nm), among other visible light, specifically reduced the size of lipid droplets, which are an organelle of differentiated adipocytes filled with triglycerides. Mechanistically, yellow light (590 nm) significantly reduces triglyceride levels by autophagy- related lysosomal degradation (Choi et al. 2016). Thus, yellow light can be therapeutically useful for reducing unnecessary fat in our body. Red light (630 nm ∼ 700 nm) Many studies have shown that red light protects against or mitigates damage caused by exogenous stress, such as UVR and harmful chemicals. Irradiation of red light (660 nm) has been shown to reduce the expression of MMP-1 and increase the expression of collagen I (Gupta et al. 2014). In in vivo and in vitro models, red light (630 ± 8 nm) upregulates the expression level of collagen I and downregulates the expression level of MMP-1 (Kim, You, et al. 2016). Red light also accelerates the recovery of the epidermal permeability barrier after disruption by tape stripping (Denda and Fuziwara 2008). In a study in which the skin was irradiated with red light every day for approximately 10 days, increased expression of TGF- β and a significant increase in the density of collagen fibers is observed, along with improved dermo-epidermal junction via changes in protein expression related to tissue regeneration (Martignago et al. 2020). Red light has also been shown to effectively improve wound healing of fibroblasts by stimulating cell prolifer- ation and growth (Barolet et al. 2009; Gupta et al. 2014). SKH-1 hairless mice irradiated with red light (670 nm) were able to mitigate incisional injury in the skin (Erdle et al. 2008). Red light (635 nm) irradiation significantly improves the symptoms of partial-thickness dermal abrasions (Gupta et al. 2014). Red light (630 ± 10 nm, 36 J/cm2) accelerates re-epithelialization and wound retrac- tion index (WRI) compared to a control during the repair process in third-degree skin burns (Simoes et al. 2020). Although the beneficial effects of red light on the skin continue to be uncovered, the mechanism by which red light benefits the skin has recently been elucidated. It has been shown that red light protects against UV-induced DNA damage, which enhances the physical interaction of apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) with GADD45A, a protein that plays an important role in base excision repair (Kim et al. 2017). Furthermore, red light contrib- utes to protecting human dermal fibroblasts against UVB by regulating the expression level of specific genes related to redox balancing and DNA base excision repair (Kim et al. 2019). These data indicate that red light may be beneficial for the skin and potentially useful in photo-medical applications, such as accelerating wound repair. Near-infrared (NIR) light (700 nm ∼ 3000 nm) NIR is known to increase the generation of ROS and damage skin collagen, in a way that is similar to that observed with UVR, indicating that NIR is harmful to human skin (Kim et al. 2005; Akhalaya et al. 2014; Piazena et al. 2014). However, Barolet D et al. have insisted that the intensity of the NIR source used in these studies may be too strong to properly implement NIR radiation (Barolet et al. 2016). Contrary to previous data, a clinical study revealed that the majority of people (about 51–75 percent) who receivedPDF Image | Various biological effects of solar radiation on skin
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