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Table 1. The harmful effects and beneficial effects by each wavelength of sunlight. ANIMAL CELLS AND SYSTEMS 185 Each Wavelength Ultraviolet (<400 nm) Violet light (400 ∼ 450 nm) Blue light (450 ∼ 490 nm) Green light (490 ∼ 560 nm) Orange light (560 ∼ 630 nm) Red light (630 ∼ 700 nm) Near Infrared Beneficial Effects Vitamin D synthesis Sterilization Vitiligo Psoriasis Atopic dermatitis Scleroderma Early keloid Removal of P. acne Atopic dermatitis Recovery for third-degree burns Reduction of UVA-induced ROS Up-regulation of collagen Reduction of Triglyceride Up-regulation of collagen Barrier Recovery Wound healing DNA excision Repair Skin tone Up-regulation of collagen Wound healing Harmful Effects Skin cancer Inflammation Sunburn Down-regulation of keratinocyte differentiation Inhibition of innate immunity-related response Inhibition of metabolic activity Generation of ROS Delay the barrier recovery Not determined Not determined Not determined Generation of ROS Down-regulation of collagen References Esmat et al. 2017; Morita 2018 Rodenbeck et al. 2016; Teske and Jacobe 2016 Amaro-Ortiz et al. 2014; Piotrowska et al. 2016; Neale et al. 2019 Lee et al. 2017 Kim et al. 2013 Kim, Choi, et al. 2016 Amin et al. 2016 Kromer et al. 2019 Mignon et al. 2018 Nakashima et al. 2017 Denda and Fuziwara 2008 Simoes et al. 2020 Lan et al. 2015 Kim, Choi, et al. 2016 Choi et al. 2016 Gupta et al. 2014 Kim, Choi, et al. 2016 Simoes et al. 2020 Kim et al. 2017 Akhalaya et al. 2014 Lee et al. 2006 Barolet et al. 2016 Gupta et al. 2014 Keshri et al. 2016 Photoaging NIR (830 nm) for approximately six months had improved skin tone and skin roughness (Lee et al. 2006). Other studies have reported that NIR (830nm) significantly increases the amounts of collagen and elastin fibers in all experimental groups (Rezende et al. 2007) and enhances the protein expression levels of ICAM-1, TNF-α, and con- nexin 43 (Lee et al. 2007). A recent study has also demon- strated that 850 nm NIR (20 J/cm2) irradiation stimulates TGF-β signaling and procollagen I production in human dermal fibroblasts without generating intracellular ROS (Mignon et al. 2018). NIR (805 nm) significantly reduces the expression of MMP-1 (Barolet et al. 2016). Low-intensity NIR (810 nm) irradiation enhances collagen accumulation and promotes cellular proliferation and complete re- epithelialization (Gupta et al. 2014). Similarly, NIR (810nm) irradiation improves wound healing in the dermis of immunosuppressed rats by decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory factors, such as NF-kB, while increasing levels of re-epithelialization-related proteins, such as fibronectin, HSP-90, and TGF-β2. This NIR irradiation also enhances cellular ATP contents (Keshri et al. 2016). Thus, NIR can be used clinically to improve wound healing through photomodulation. Conclusion Given their benefits and drawbacks, light of various wavelengths affects our daily lives both positively and negatively (Table 1). Some studies suggest that high doses of NIR can have a pathological effect on human skin, while low doses of NIR are widely used in medicine to promote wound healing (Barolet et al. 2016). UVR is also a major cause of aging in the skin (Amaro-Ortiz et al. 2014; Chung et al. 2018), but it is effective in pro- moting vitamin D synthesis and improving skin-related diseases, such as psoriasis (Morita 2018; Neale et al. 2019). Blue light also causes oxidative stress, thereby slowing the recovery of skin barriers, and ultimately adversely affecting the skin (Vandersee et al. 2015; Naka- shima et al. 2017), but also contributing positively to the removal of P. acne (Scott et al. 2019). Therefore, it is valu- able to utilize the beneficial effects of each wavelength of light under the appropriate conditions. Many individuals continue to seek non-invasive pro- cedures to improve medical and aesthetic skin diseases. Phototherapy refers to the use of non-thermal or non- invasive light to obtain therapeutic effects. For safety, light of a specific wavelength should be used based on the corresponding chromophore. Therefore, it is essen- tial to identify photoreceptors and elucidate their under- lying mechanisms in the skin. Additionally, when combined with systems biology, we can gain insight into which wavelengths are most effective for certain skincare or treatment of skin-related diseases. Strategies to discover each wavelength of light with a specific intensity can help improve the skin.PDF Image | Various biological effects of solar radiation on skin
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