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CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 29 via the “up-next” or “home-page” features. In an interview with The New York Times, Susan Wojciciki, YouTube’s CEO, addressed some of the backlash YouTube has received regarding the surge of extremist content on the platform. She said, “It’s not like there is one lever we can pull and say ‘Hey, lets make all these changes’ and everything would be solved . . . That’s not how it works.” [79] Wojciciki stated that YouTube has hired thousands of human reviewers to examine problematic videos, and has also deployed new machine- learning models to flag extremist videos [79]. With 400 hours of footage uploaded every minute to YouTube, the job of flagging and reviewing videos is never ending [34]. In the last quarter of 2017, YouTube removed 8.2 million videos, most of which was spam or adult content [66]. 6.7 million of these videos were flagged by YouTube’s anti-abuse algorithms [66]. How is YouTube training their anti- abuse machine learning models? How can they add features that catch harmful content that doesn’t quite break the community guidelines? As opposed to disabling chats in livestreams, can YouTube build a chatting system that removes hateful comments and keeps the chat alive? Removing the chat feature takes away the opportunity for an enriching debate or conversation, which is unique to YouTube’s platform. Combating extremism is a challenging problem, and YouTube is working hard at training its machine-learning models to protect their viewers, but their solution isn’t quite perfect yet. YouTubers’ toxic relationships with the platform In December of 2017, Logan Paul, a creator with 19 million subscribers as of May 2019, posted a video of himself and friends visiting the “suicide forest” in Japan [55]. They came across a suicide victim’s deceased body in the forest. Paul made inappropriate jokes and comments, posting the video on YouTube for millions of his young viewers to see. Paul received major backlash from his video; he was removed from Google Preferred and by consequence lost 5 million dollars in revenue [19]. Google, YouTube’s parent company, temporarily suspended ads on his videos in February 2018 [55]. In early 2018, a petition, now closed but signed by 725,000 supporters, circulated the internet advocating for Paul’s removal from YouTube [23]. YouTube took a stance, denouncing Paul’s actions publicly on Twitter and an email press release, and removed critical avenues of ad monetization from the YouTuber. YouTube recognizes the desire for views was the impetus of Paul’s reckless behavior, stating in the emailed press release: “Suicide is not a joke, nor should it ever be a driving force for views.” [4] Creators are hungry for views, lacking the foresight that some content is not appropriate for the internet, despite its potential to attract viewers. How can YouTube make a system that rewards thoughtful content over insensitive content and pure click bait? Currently, although YouTube is working to address this, click bait and otherwise unintelligible content go viral. That’s why creators post crazy content because they know they will be rewarded for it through views, subscribers, and consequently money. On April 3rd, 2018, a shooter entered YouTube’s headquarters in San Bruno, Califor- nia, shooting and wounding three employers [14]. The shooter shot herself, dying on the premises [14]. The shooter was a YouTube content creator. Her channels have since beenPDF Image | How Content Creators Craft Algorithmic Personas and Perceive the Algorithm that Dictates their Work
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