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120 The Internet AS graph is fundamentally different because each AS consists of many different routers and there is a significant cost associated with creating new links. A model for AS link formation is given in [27], and our observations are consistent with the reasoning therein. The AS graph is naturally “tiered” with many small stub ASes interconnected by a few large backbone providers (who also tend to have high connectivity/degree). AS link creation is often constrained by financial, technical, and geographical factors: for most stub ASes, links to far away ASs tend to be costly (especially if the geographic distance is large) and are unlikely to be profitable since the upstream provider already provides transit to reach these ASes. Such links only make sense in specific cases where business relationships mandate a specific inter-AS peering. Thus, stub ASes tend to connect to their nearby backbone AS providers, and the resulting AS graph shows proximity bias coupled with strong preferential selection. 6.7.2 Proximity mechanisms While our growth data cannot assert which mechanism are at play when links are formed, it can be used to disprove existing hypotheses. Perhaps unsurprisingly, we find that the simplest mechanisms (such as the BA model) are not sufficient to explain our observations. In particular, we have shown that to explain the empirical growth data, we must include some notion of proximity in the growth models. While prox- imity has been previously suggested as a factor in link creation in large networks, wePDF Image | Online Social Networks: Measurement, Analysis, and Applications to Distributed Information Systems
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