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earlier flowering from NI lighting than from DE lighting. For example, a 4-h NI promoted flowering of baby’s breath ‘Bristol Fairy’ more effectively than a 4-h DE (Shillo and Halevy, 1982). In addition, a 4-h NI inhibited flowering of chrysanthemum ‘Bianca’ more effectively than a 6-h DE (Runkle et al., 2012). In addition to the R:FR, extension growth of many crops is mediated by B light. For example, a 4-h NI provided by B LEDs (peak wavelength = 450 nm) at 1.7 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 inhibited internode length of chrysanthemum ‘Reagan’ compared with fluorescent lamps at 150 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (Shimizu et al., 2006), although dramatic differences in light intensity were potentially confounding. Moreover, lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and radish (Raphanus sativus) were shorter under 12% B light+2% green+86% R light than under 2% green+98% R light (Cope et al., 2014). In our study, the intent of including the B0* DE+B30 NI was to determine if an NI with B light would inhibit extension growth of plants under LDs (9-h SDs+5.5-h DE); however, B light did not influence stem length of most crops at flowering, and plant height of rudbeckia was 19% greater with the B NI. Since high-intensity B light was perceived as an LD in our study, a prolonged photoperiod might have promoted stem elongation of rudbeckia due to an increase in gibberellin biosynthesis or sensitivity (Xu et al., 1997). Other studies show the promotive effects of B light on extension growth. For example, chrysanthemum ‘Zembla’ grown for 42 d was 1.3 times taller but flowered similarly under a 4-h DE with B light (peak wavelength not reported) at 100 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 following an 11-h photoperiod compared with no DE lighting (Jeong et al., 2014). In addition, stem length of eggplant (Solanum melongena), but not lettuce, was greater under B light (peak wavelength = 470 nm) than under green (peak wavelength = 525 nm) or R light (peak wavelength = 660 nm), and it increased with B light intensity up to 100 μmol∙m−2∙s−1 (Hirai et al., 2006). Therefore, the role of B light in mediating extension growth is species and 108PDF Image | LED REGULATE FLOWERING OF PHOTOPERIODIC ORNAMENTAL CROPS
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