Red LED Erbium Upconverting Nanoparticles v Cervical Cancer

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Red LED Erbium Upconverting Nanoparticles v Cervical Cancer ( red-led-erbium-upconverting-nanoparticles-v-cervical-cancer )

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Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, 1102 8 of 17 ring structured PS in particular, it is of prime importance that UCNPs absorb long wavelength light (~800 nm) and maximize the fluorescence efficiency of red light (600–700 nm), since most PS are activated near 660 nm in the red region. Conventional UCNPs made use of lanthanide elements (Y, Yb, Er, and Nd) that showed a strong emission of green light (Figure 4A). Green fluorescence is more applicable to bioimaging than to PDT. In contrast, our simple UCNPs made of the Er core and Lu shell displayed a strong red fluorescence light emission (Figure 4B). Furthermore, this red light was maintained significantly despite the 10 nm silica coating layer. In agreement with a previous result by He et al. [37], this ability of the core@shell UCNPs might enable the unambiguous strengthening of the PDT effect of TCPP. Likewise, core@shell UCNPs showed peak absorption at around 800 nm NIR light, which was much greater than that of core-only UCNPs, indicating the importance of the lutetium shell (Figure 5A). The result obviously suggested that these UCNPs would have a great effectiveness in generating the relevant light (~660 nm) that is useful for further in vivo PDT, accompanied by the irradiation of the deep-penetrating 808 nm NIR laser. 3.3. Preparation and Characterization of UCNPs@SiO2@FA/PEG/TCPP Pharmaceutics 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 16 The surface hydroxyl group (−OH) in UCNPs@SiO2 was replaced with an amino group (−NH2) bflyuoardedscienngceAiPsTmEoSr,ewahpipclhicawbales tao pbiroeilmimaignianrgythstaenptotoPcDoTn.juIngactoionntrawsti,thouTrCsiPmPp-NleHUSC, NPEPGs ma-NdeHoSf, athnedEFrAc/oPrEeGand-NLuHsSh. eAll 5dkislpelnagytehd(amsotrloecnuglarerdwfeluigohret-sbcaesnecde)liogfhftoelimc iascsidon-P(EFGiguwraes4cBh).oFseunrthaserimt woraes, 5k ltohnisgererdthlaignhntawïvaesPmEaGin(t2aki)n(epdressigentifsicoalenltylyasdaesdpiistpeetrhsein1g0sntambislizliecra)ctoaloticnagtelaytethr.eIonuatgermeeomstensutrwfaicthe oafpUreCvNioPuss.rTeosuolvtebrycoHmeeetthaels.e[3p7r]o,bthleimsasb,iwliteydoefvtehleopcoedreU@CshNelPlsU@CSiNOPs-NmHigh@tFeAn/aPbElGet/TheCuPnPacmonbjiugguaotues. 22 TsthrenugstehoefnUinCgNoPfstshoelvPeDdTthefpfercotbolefmTCofPsPk.inLipkeerwmiesaeb,icloitrye,@anshdePllEUGCcoNuPldsoshvoerwcoemdeptehaekpaobosrosropltuiobnilitayt oarfoTuCnPdP8[0209,3n0m,61N].IRInlaigdhdti,tiwonh,icthewtarsgemtaubcihlitgyroeaftnearntohpaanrtihcaletsowfacsoirnec-orenalysedUCbyNtPhse,cinondjiucagtaitnigonthoef fiomlipcoarctaidnc[6e2o]f.tFhoelliuctaectidumissahmelelm(Fbigeurroef5tAhe).BThveitraemsuinltgorbovuipou,aslnydsvuagrgieosutsedcatnhcaetrthcesllesU,sCuNchPasswthouoslde ohfavoevargiarneatnedffceecrtiviecnalescsanincegre, neexrparteinssgftohleicraecleidvarnetcelipgthotrs(~[6630,6n4m]. )Wthaetnisfoulsicefauclidfoirsfcuornthjuergaintevdivto nPaDnTo,paacrctoicmleps,atnhiedenbdyotchyetoirsriasdpiraoticoenssocfatnheindcerepas-epethnetrateinogf 8a0b8sonrmptiNonIRinlatosetrh.e tumor [62]. Figure 4. (A) Photographs of core or core@shell upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs) emitting green flfluorescence..(B(B)P)hPohtogtoragprhapshofscorfe,core,@schoerlel@,osrhceollr,e@osrheclol@reS@isOheUll@CNSPiOse2mUitCtinNgPrsedeflmuiottriensgcenrecde. (fClu)oPrhesocteonicmea.g(Ces)oPfhsoiltiocai-mcoagteds oufpcsoilnicvae-rctoinatgednaunpocpoanrtvicelretsin(gUCnaNnPosp@aSritOicle)s(1(0UmCgN)Pms@odSiOfie2d) (w10ithm(ga) 2 mPoEdGifie(0d.1wmitgh)(an)dmFPAE/GPE(G0.1(0m.1gm)agn);d(bF)Am/PEG((00..12mg));a(bn)dmFAPE/PGEG(0.(20.m1gm)ga)n;d(c)FmA/PEG((00.5.1mgg))a;n(cd) FmAP/EPGEG(0(.05.1mmgg))a;n(d)FmAP/PEEGG(1(0.0.1mmgg))a;n(d)FmA/PEG((10..01mg));a(ned) mFAPE/PGEG(2.(0.m1gm)ga)n;d(eF)Am/PEG(02..10mg)); and(FfA)m/PPEEGG(0(2.1.0mmgg);),aFnAd/(PfE)GmP(0E.1Gm(2g.0),mangd),TFCAP/PE(1G.0(0m.1gm).g),andTCPP(1.0mg). As shown in Figure 5B, amine group introduction in UCNPs@SiO2 resulted in a zeta potential change from −29.8 to +10.1 mV. However, the UCNPs@SiO2-NH2 tended to aggregate due to its relatively weak charges, and naïve PEG and FA/PEG were quickly conjugated to UCNPs@SiO2-NH2. The zeta potentials of UCNPs@SiO2@FA/PEG and UCNPs@SiO2@FA/PEG/TCPP were −14.3 and −34.5 mV, respectively (Figure 5B). As shown in Figure 4C, the increase in the feed amount of 2k 2

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